MPCE 013 PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC METHODS Solved Assignment 2021-22

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MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22

SECTION – A

1. Discuss the attachment based interventions for children.

Bowlby’s attachment theory is a theory of both psychopathology and normal socio-emotional development. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It is based on the idea that the early relationship that develops between the infant and caregiver provides the foundation for later development. Bowlby’s theory attempts to explain how the early relationship contributes to psychological well-being or later psychopathology. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The term attachment is used to describe the affective bond that develops between an infant and caregiver.1,2 Attachment is not a characteristic of the infant, nor is it a characteristic of the caregiver. Rather, it is a pattern of emotional and behavioural interaction that develops over time as the infant and caregiver interact, particularly in the context of the infant’s needs and bids for attention and comfort.

Through repeated interactions with the same adults, an infant begins to recognize caregivers and to anticipate the behaviour of the primary caregiver, usually the mother. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Bowlby described the infant as biologically predisposed to use the caregiver as a haven of safety, or a secure base, while exploring the environment.1 So an infant who feels threatened will turn to the caregiver for protection and comfort. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The caregiver’s responses to such bids help mould the attachment relationship into a pattern of interaction that develops over time. By the end of the first year of life, the history of the relationship between infant and caregiver allows the infant to begin to anticipate the caregiver’s response to her bids for comfort, and to act in accordance with those expectations.

Another tenet of attachment theory is that from these first relationships, infants form mental representations of the self, others and the relationship between self and other. Bowlby called these representations inner working models. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 As the infant develops and encounters the world beyond that first relationship, the inner working model guides her behaviour and expectations in subsequent relationships as well.

Mothers who are sensitive and comforting when the infant makes bids for comfort will have infants who continue to seek out the mother when distressed, and will be calmed by contact with the mother. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The infant’s inner working model will lead her to see others as reliable and compassionate, and herself as worthy of this kind of attention. This pattern has been labelled secure.1,2

In contrast, if the caregiver has been unavailable or only erratically available or insensitive or rejecting when the infant has sought contact, the infant will learn not to seek contact when distressed or to seek comfort only in an ambivalent manner, as strong bids might alienate an already unreliable caregiver. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The inner working model of this infant will lead her to see others as untrustworthy and potentially rejecting, and herself as not deserving reliable, sensitive care. These patterns have been labelled insecure.1,2 Insecure attachment patterns have been further specified into two patterns: avoidant attachment and resistant (or ambivalent) attachment. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In addition, some infants are classified as disorganized/disoriented with regard to attachment because they do not seem able to resort to a single, organized attachment pattern in the face of threat or stress. Instead, they become disoriented or resort to conflicting behaviour strategies.

Research has demonstrated that security of attachment during infancy predicts aspects of social development during childhood and adolescence, such as empathy,3,4,5 social competence5,6,7,8,9 and behaviour problems,10,11,12 with secure attachment predicting more optimal developmental outcomes and insecure attachment predicting behaviour and relationship difficulties. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 We have also found a secure attachment to be a major protective factor for children who function in a competent fashion even in the face of adversity.13 In addition, attachment relationships may have long-term effects on functioning by influencing the course of biological development, including brain development.14 

Inner working models are carried forward from infancy throughout the life course and, as noted above, they influence the individual’s expectations and behaviour in relationships, including parenting in the next generation. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI),15 a number of studies have demonstrated that parent attachment organization is related to infant attachment patterns. Parents with secure organizations are likely to have infants who are securely attached with them, and parents with insecure organizations are likely to have infants who are insecurely attached with them.16,17 

Because of the many positive outcomes associated with a secure attachment, the implications are clear. Design (and evaluate) prevention and intervention programs to promote a secure parent-infant attachment relationship in order to improve developmental outcomes of infants and children who are at risk for poor developmental outcomes and prevent behaviour problems and psychopathology.

Attachment relationships, like all other aspects of development, do not exist in isolation from their context. As note d above, caregivers who respond to their infant’s needs and cues in a sensitive fashion are likely to develop a secure attachment relationship with their infant. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 There are many personal (e.g., mother’s depression) and interpersonal (e.g., violent relationship with spouse) factors that may make it more difficult for the caregiver to respond to the infant in a sensitive and emotionally responsive fashion. In addition, a host of environmental factors, such as chaotic living conditions, may interfere with the developing attachment relationship, particularly when intervening with families from high-risk populations who face multiple personal and environmental challenges. Many programs were not equipped to deal with the problems of high-risk families.

In 1995, van Ijzendoorn et al.18 conducted a review of 12 attachment interventions, and in 2000, Egeland and colleagues19 found a few more programs that had been implemented and evaluated. In 2003, the Dutch investigators conducted another meta-analysis that included 29 investigations designed to enhance attachment security. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 More recently, there has been an increase of attachment-based prevention and intervention programs.20

Mountain et al.21 conducted a systematic review and meta analysis to determine the effectiveness of early intervention for improving attachment security.  They found that early intervention resulted in a secure attachment and improved parental sensitivity.MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 These findings replicate findings of a previous review and meta analysis.20

There are basically two broad types of intervention programs designed to enhance the quality of mother-infant attachment: (1) those that endeavour to help the parents become more sensitive to infant cues; and (2) those that attempt to change parents’ representations of how they were cared for by their own parents. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Many of the attachment interventions fall into one of these two categories, while others combine the two approaches and still others, such as Beckwith’s22 program emphasizing social support.

2. Explain family therapy and describe the various models of family therapy.

Unlike individual therapy, which addresses the thoughts, behaviors and attitudes of the person seeking treatment for drug or alcohol addiction, family therapy strives to treat a group or network of individuals who are affected by addiction. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 There are no pre-determined standards on what constitutes a family.

A family unit may consist of two unmarried partners, a traditional nuclear family, a blended family, or a group of people who share a home and a strong emotional connection. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Family therapy provides a neutral setting where people who share a living environment or who have blood ties in common can talk clearly and honestly about the ways that addiction affects their lives. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It also gives the people who share a residence the opportunity to talk about aspects of family life that may trigger addictive behavior, such as marital conflict, teenage rebellion, or unemployment.

Family therapy can take place in a counselor’s office, rehab clinic, hospital, or community center. The family therapist may arrange individual counseling sessions for each person in the household, sessions for the entire family unit, or both. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The family may also be asked to participate in group meetings or 12-Step programs with other family members, such as Al-Anon.

With so many children being temporarily or permanently removed from their homes in the US, it’s clear that family addiction therapy should be a vital component of a drug rehab program. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Unless everyone in the household has the opportunity to heal, chances are that the home will be broken, and children will follow their parents’ examples to become addicts themselves.

Family therapy may prevent addiction in the adult children of substance abusers. Treatment can help prevent alcoholism and drug addiction in adults who grew up with alcoholic parents. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This research suggests that cultivating strong family bonds may have a protective effect against the development of alcoholism later in a child’s life.

The family therapy model that is used to heal a home may not be as important as the family’s motivation to change. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In spite of the devastating consequences of addiction — conflict, abuse, financial troubles, social isolation, legal difficulties — families may be attached to the status quo and might be afraid to see their situation change.

If abuse or violence is taking place in the home, there could be a fear of having these situations exposed in therapy. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 If a couple has developed a codependent relationship, the emotional symbiosis may seem too powerful to break.

A family therapist must address the fact that addiction serves a real purpose, albeit a dysfunctional purpose, in many homes. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In families that have been torn apart by addiction, therapy may help parents and children reunify after a legally enforced separation.

What do all successful approaches to addiction family therapy have in common? In all of the major family therapy models, addiction is addressed not just as an individual problem, but as a disease or maladaptive behavior that affects everyone who shares the home. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In order for family therapy to be effective, family members must take the treatment seriously and must be just as committed to sobriety as the person entering rehab.

Family therapy, also referred to as couple and family therapy, marriage and family therapy, family systems therapy, and family counseling, is a branch of psychology that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It tends to view change in terms of the systems of interaction between family members.

The different schools of family therapy have in common a belief that, regardless of the origin of the problem, and regardless of whether the clients consider it an "individual" or "family" issue, involving families in solutions often benefits clients. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This involvement of families is commonly accomplished by their direct participation in the therapy session. The skills of the family therapist thus include the ability to influence conversations in a way that catalyses the strengths, wisdom, and support of the wider system.

In the field's early years, many clinicians defined the family in a narrow, traditional manner usually including parents and children. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 As the field has evolved, the concept of the family is more commonly defined in terms of strongly supportive, long-term roles and relationships between people who may or may not be related by blood or marriage.

The conceptual frameworks developed by family therapists, especially those of family systems theorists, have been applied to a wide range of human behavior, including organisational dynamics and the study of greatness.

Family therapy is a branch of psychotherapy that is meant to help initiate change and nurture development in intimate relationships between family members and couples.

The job of the family therapist is to facilitate conversations that act as catalysts to strengthen and improve existing connections between family members and/or loved ones.

The average number of family therapy sessions is 5-20 but the number of sessions truly depends on the situation the family or group is involved with. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The important piece of family therapy is not in the number of people involved in the session but the analytical framework and perspective. Family and couples therapy is considered to be a very effective method of treatment for several mental health concerns. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 There are a great number of family therapies to learn about and we start with just a few below. The descriptions of these therapies are in no way definitive or exhaustive, and are meant to provide an general idea of what they are and what may make them different.

Family therapy is a form of therapy in which an entire family is engaged in therapy to reach a group resolution rather than an individual seeking out personalized therapy plans. Family therapy can be engaged when an entire family's dynamic has grown problematic or may be enlisted to help when a single family member's behavior or struggles have created familial discord. So what exactly is family therapy?

Family therapy is any form of therapy that enlists an entire family as a client rather than a single person. Family therapies can all look very different from one another, both in terms of what is worked on during therapy sessions and the manner of delivery. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Some family therapy sessions require that all family members be present during a session, while others might intentionally splice and separate family members throughout treatment. Some therapies focus on parent-child engagement and interactions. In contrast, others focus on each family member to treat individual concerns before bringing the family together for treatment as a whole.

Family therapy seeks to treat a family unit to improve communication, relations, and dynamics within a family, to create a harmonious home life. Family therapy is most commonly engaged when children are still in the home, but people of all ages and home lives may come into family therapy and benefit from the tenets it has to offer. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Ultimately, family therapy is a form of therapy that treats relationships without focusing on a romantic relationship.

 Family therapy theories essentially function as the basis from which all family therapy modalities spring. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Theories are used to identify the most effective forms of treatment, whether that means engaging a family as a single unit, separating a family to treat individual issues, or treating a family through different lenses depending on the day, tackling situations and issues as they arise.

Some family therapy theories see families as, essentially, a small society. There are specific, unique roles and relationships, and deviating from these roles and relationships is the greatest source of conflict or contention. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Within this theory, mental health professionals work to restore some sense of equilibrium, allowing each family member to return to the role they are best suited to and re-installing the family with a sense of peace and order.

3. Explain the application of cognitive behavior therapy in children.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talk therapy that can help people of all ages, including younger children and teens. CBT focuses on how thoughts and emotions affect behavior. Your child doesn’t need to have a diagnosed mental health condition to benefit from CBT.

Therapy usually involves an agreed upon goal and a set number of sessions. The therapist will help your child learn to replace negative thought patterns with more productive ones. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Through role-playing and other methods, your child can practice alternate ways of handling stressful situations.

We’ll explore what you need to know about CBT for kids, as well as how to find a qualified therapist.

CBT is a form of talk therapy designed to help people recognize unhelpful thoughts and behaviors and learn how to change them. Therapy focuses on the present and the future, rather than on the past.

While CBT isn’t designed to “cure” conditions such as ADHD, it can be used to complement other therapies and to help improve specific symptoms.

CBT for kids has practical everyday applications. This therapy can help your child understand the negativity of their thought patterns and learn how to replace them with more positive ones. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Discovering new ways of looking at things helps a child learn how to respond differently and improve rather than worsen stressful situations.

This type of therapy can give your child realistic strategies to improve their lives in the here and now. Once these strategies become habit, the new skills can follow them throughout their lives.

Usually, a parent or caregiver, the child, and a therapist will discuss goals and develop a treatment plan.

CBT involves a structured approach to solving problems in a specified number of sessions. It can be as few as six sessions or as many as 20 or more, depending on the child and the particular goals.

While CBT is a type of talk therapy, it’s so much more than talk. The therapist will work to provide tangible ways for your child to take control and empower themselves. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 They will teach skills that can be put into practice immediately.

Your child can have CBT alone or in combination with medications or any other therapies they might need. The treatment plan can be adapted to meet cultural or regional differences.

Explaining the idea of CBT to younger children must be done in simple terms. To make things easier, some therapists use worksheets to help children visualize certain concepts.

For example, a worksheet may have drawings with blank thought bubbles for the child to fill out. The therapist may ask the child what the person in the picture is thinking about MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22. Worksheets may include stop signs, to help the child recognize signs that they’re about to lose control.

Worksheets can help children and adolescents understand how thoughts, feelings, and actions are connected. Through these worksheets, they can solidify what they’ve learned. CBT for children may also involve planners, checklists, or a rewards chart to help children remember and complete tasks.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children and adolescents usually are short-term treatments (i.e., often between six and 20 sessions) that focus on teaching youth and/or their parents specific skills. CBT differs from other therapy approaches by focusing on the ways that a child or adolescent’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are interconnected, and how they each affect one another. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Because emotions, thoughts, and behaviors are all linked, CBT approaches allow for therapists to intervene at various points in the cycle.

These treatments have been proven to be effective in treating many psychological disorders among children and adolescents, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), behavior problems, and substance abuse.

There are differences between cognitive therapies and behavioral therapies for young people. However, both approaches have much in common, such as:

·       The therapist and child or adolescent develop goals for therapy together, often in close collaboration with parents, and track progress toward goals throughout the course of treatment.

·       The therapist and client work together with a mutual understanding that the therapist has theoretical and technical expertise, but the client is the expert on him-or herself.

·       The therapist seeks to help the client discover that he/she is powerful and capable of choosing positive thoughts and behaviors.

·       Treatment is often short-term. Clients actively participate in treatment in and out of session. Homework assignments often are included in therapy. The skills that are taught in these therapies require practice.

·       Treatment is goal-oriented to resolve present-day problems. Therapy involves working step-by-step to achieve goals.

Types of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Individual CBT

Individual cognitive behavioral therapy focuses solely on the child or adolescent and includes one therapist who teaches the child or adolescent the skills needed to overcome his/her challenges. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This form of CBT has been proven effective in the treatment of child and adolescent depression and anxiety disorders, as well as substance abuse in adolescents.

Group CBT

Group cognitive behavioral therapy includes not only the child or adolescent and therapist in the therapy sessions, but also others outside of the child or adolescent’s social groups – usually new acquaintances who are also being treated for the same disorder. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Those in the group therapy are often dealing with similar behavioral issues and, unlike individual CBT, the group format allows helpful relationships to form, in addition to learning skills needed to change behavior. Group CBT is often less expensive than individual CBT, and more broadly available. It has been proven effective in the treatment of depression and substance abuse in adolescents.

CBT with Parents

Cognitive behavioral therapy that includes parents in the treatment process has been shown through research to be effective in treating children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Specifically, CBT that teaches parents techniques to help care for anxious youth, including psychoeducation, individual therapy, caregiver coping, and parent training techniques are especially helpful. In this form of therapy, the parents are involved directly in the treatment of their children and are essentially trained in ways to help them handle their children’s fears at home.

CBT with Medication

Research has shown that pairing cognitive behavioral therapy with psychotropic medications can be effective in treating a child or adolescent’s anxiety symptoms or depression. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 A child’s care team will be able to prescribe the right medication if he/she believes it to be necessary in your child’s therapy process.

Trauma-focused CBT

Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was developed to help children and adolescents affected by trauma. It is effective in treating PTSD but can be effective in treating other trauma-related disorders as well. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It is delivered in the same way as cognitive behavioral therapy – usually short-term in six to 20 sessions with the child and his/her parents present. A trauma-focused CBT session addresses several factors related to the child’s traumatic experiences, including behavioral and cognitive issues, and depression or anxiety symptoms, and helps improve parenting skills and parents’ interactions with their children to help support and cope with their children’s struggles.

CBT paired with Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)

Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) is a type of evidence-based therapy that motivates adolescents internally to change their behavior. When MET is paired with group-based CBT, it is effective in changing an adolescent’s behavior towards drug and alcohol abuse. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This therapy uses discussion, coping strategies, and motivational interviewing principles to help the youth initiate a plan to change his/her behavior and motivate the youth to follow through. Throughout the sessions, the therapist will guide the youth through their plan to stop using substances and will continue to motivate and encourage his/her progress. Following MET therapy sessions, the adolescent would participate in group-based CBT to see the best results.

CBT paired with Motivational Enhancement Treatment and Family-based Behavioral Treatment

In family-based behavioral treatment, parents set examples for their children in changing their own behavior to help their children change their behaviors in the long run. An important component of this type of therapy is the training of parents on child management and problem-solving skills. This integrated therapy has been proven effective in treating adolescent substance abuse.

SECTION – B

4. Differentiate between Id, Ego and Superego.

According to Freud psychoanalytic theory, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.

Although each part of the personality comprises unique features, they interact to form a whole, and each part makes a relative contribution to an individual's behavior.

The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche which responds directly and immediately to basic urges, needs, and desires. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The personality of the newborn child is all id and only later does it develop an ego and super-ego.

The id remains infantile in its function throughout a person's life and does not change with time or experience, as it is not in touch with the external world. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The id is not affected by reality, logic or the everyday world, as it operates within the unconscious part of the mind.

The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable.

The ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The ego considers social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave.

Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure (i.e., tension reduction) and avoids pain, but unlike the id, the ego is concerned with devising a realistic strategy to obtain pleasure. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The ego has no concept of right or wrong; something is good simply if it achieves its end of satisfying without causing harm to itself or the id.

The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 years during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

The superego's function is to control the id's impulses, especially those which society forbids, such as sex and aggression. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection.

The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal self. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example, if the ego gives in to the id's demands, the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt.

The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behave as a member of society.

5. Explain Freud’s psychosexual stages and their implications for development.

Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which the pleasure-seeking energies of the id become focused on certain erogenous areas. An erogenous zone is characterized as an area of the body that is particularly sensitive to stimulation.

During the five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages, the erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source of pleasure.

The psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior.

Freud proposed that personality development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 During each stage sexual energy (libido) is expressed in different ways and through different parts of the body.

These are called psychosexual stages because each stage represents the fixation of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the body. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 As a person grows physically certain areas of their body become important as sources of potential frustration (erogenous zones), pleasure or both.

Freud (1905) believed that life was built round tension and pleasure. Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build-up of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge.

In describing human personality development as psychosexual Freud meant to convey that what develops is the way in which sexual energy of the id accumulates and is discharged as we mature biologically. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 (NB Freud used the term 'sexual' in a very general way to mean all pleasurable actions and thoughts).

Freud stressed that the first five years of life are crucial to the formation of adult personality. The id must be controlled in order to satisfy social demands; this sets up a conflict between frustrated wishes and social norms.

The ego and superego develop in order to exercise this control and direct the need for gratification into socially acceptable channels. Gratification centers in different areas of the body at different stages of growth, making the conflict at each stage psychosexual.

Freud's developmental theory on psychosexual development was among the first attempts to bring psychology under the same scientific structure and methodology of medicine. This unification was accomplished by first defining normative human sexual development. Freud organized psychosexual maturation into 5 distinct phases. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Each stage symbolizes the concentration of the libido or instincts on a different area of the body (i.e., erogenous zones). In order to mature into a well-functioning adult, one must progress sequentially through each of the aforementioned psychosexual stages. When libidinal drives are repressed or unable to be appropriately discharged, the child is left wanting and unsatisfied. Freud identified this dissatisfaction as fixation. Fixation at any stage would produce anxiety, persisting into adulthood as neurosis. This dynamic formed the foundational bedrock for Freud's psychoanalytic sexual drive theory.

6. Explain Jung’s Analytical psychology.

Jungian Analysis, as is psychoanalysis, is a method to access, experience and integrate unconscious material into awareness. It is a search for the meaning of behaviours, feelings and events. Many are the channels to extend knowledge of the self: the analysis of dreams is one important avenue. Others may include expressing feelings about and through art, poetry or other expressions of creativity, the examination of conflicts and repeating patterns in a person's life. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 A comprehensive description of the process of dream interpretation is complex, in that it is highly specific to the person who undertakes it. Most succinctly it relies on the associations which the particular dream symbols suggest to the dreamer, which at times may be deemed "archetypal" in so far as they are supposed common to many people throughout history. Examples could be a hero, an old man or woman, situations of pursuit, flying or falling.

Whereas (Freudian) psychoanalysis relies entirely on the development of the transference in the analysand (the person under treatment) to the analyst, Jung initially used the transference and later concentrated more on a dialectical and didactic approach to the symbolic and archetypal material presented by the patient. Moreover his attitude towards patients departed from what he had observed in Freud's method. Anthony Stevens has explained it thus:

Though [Jung's] initial formulations arose mainly out of his own creative illness, they were also a conscious reaction against the stereotype of the classical Freudian analyst, sitting silent and aloof behind the couch, occasionally emitting ex cathedra pronouncements and interpretations, while remaining totally uninvolved in the patient's guilt, anguish, and need for reassurance and support. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Instead, Jung offered the radical proposal that analysis is a dialectical procedure, a two-way exchange between two people, who are equally involved. Although it was a revolutionary idea when he first suggested it, it is a model which has influenced psychotherapists of most schools, though many seem not to realise that it originated with Jung.

In place of Freud's "surgical detachment", Jung demonstrated a more relaxed and warmer welcome in the consulting room. He remained aware nonetheless that exposure to a patient's unconscious contents always posed a certain risk of contagion (he calls it "psychic infection") to the analyst, as experienced in the countertransference. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The process of contemporary Jungian analysis depends on the type of "school of analytical psychology" to which the therapist adheres, (see below). MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The "Zurich School" would reflect the approach Jung himself taught, while those influenced by Michael Fordham and associates in London, would be significantly closer to a Kleinian approach and therefore, concerned with analysis of the transference and countertransference as indicators of repressed material along with the attendant symbols and patterns.

7. Describe the techniques of IP therapy given by Klerman and Weissman.

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) was developed by Gerald Klerman and Myrna Weissman in the 1970s and based on the work of Harry Stack Sullivan, Adolf Meyer, and John Bowlby. IPT is a type of therapy that utilizes a uniquely structured model for the treatment of mental health issues. Based on attachment and communication theories, MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 IPT is designed to help people address current concerns and improve interpersonal relationships.

Interpersonal psychotherapy was initially developed as a brief therapy for depression. Because people with depressive symptoms often experience problems in their interpersonal relationships, IPT is a common treatment option for people experiencing depression. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Although the depression itself is not always a direct result of negative relationships, relationship issues tend to be among the most prevalent symptoms during the initial stages of depression. Once addressed, strengthened relationships can serve as an important support network throughout the ensuing recovery process.

In general, interpersonal therapists provide active, non-judgmental treatment in order to help people in therapy successfully handle challenges and improve mental health. Things that might be addressed over the course of treatment can include roles disputes, interpersonal shortcomings, life stage transitions, relational conflict, grief, and other attachment issues. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 IPT is well researched as an effective treatment for depression and has been modified to treat several other mental health issues.

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a brief, attachment-focused psychotherapy that centers on resolving interpersonal problems and symptomatic recovery. It is an empirically supported treatment (EST) that follows a highly structured and time-limited approach and is intended to be completed within 12–16 weeks. IPT is based on the principle that relationships and life events impact mood and that the reverse is also true. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It was developed by Gerald Klerman and Myrna Weissman for major depression in the 1970s and has since been adapted for other mental disorders. IPT is an empirically validated intervention for depressive disorders, and is more effective when used in combination with psychiatric medications. Along with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), IPT is recommended in treatment guidelines as a psychosocial treatment of choice for depression.

 Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a form of therapy developed by Gerald Klerman and Myrna Weissman as a treatment for major depression in the 1960s and 1970s.

While IPT is a short-term form of therapy typically lasting 12-16 weeks, the therapy aims to achieve both short-term and long-term goals.

In the short-term, the goal of IPT is to quickly ease symptoms of depression and help patients adjust to their immediate social situation (Weissman, Markowitz, & Klerman, 2000). IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example, an IPT therapist may aim to help a patient communicate and maintain firmer boundaries when dealing with one particular person in their life with whom they are experiencing challenges.

In the long term, however, the goal is usually to help patients develop strategies that can apply to a broader scope of relationships and situations. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 That is, the patient can gain skills to better manage relationships without the regular assistance of a therapist, thereby helping them avoid the onset of mood-related symptoms stemming from interpersonal interactions in the future (Rafaeli & Markowitz, 2011).

While this form of therapy was initially developed to treat depression, it has been applied to treat a range of mental health issues, including anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse (Cuijpers, Donker, Weissman, Ravitz, & Cristea, 2016).

8. Explain the seven inferential distortions of Beck.

A cognitive distortion is an exaggerated or irrational thought pattern involved in the onset or perpetuation of psychopathological states, such as depression and anxiety.

Cognitive distortions are thoughts that cause individuals to perceive reality inaccurately. According to Aaron T. Beck's cognitive model, a negative outlook on reality, sometimes called negative schemas (or schemata), is a factor in symptoms of emotional dysfunction and poorer subjective well-being. Specifically, negative thinking patterns reinforce negative emotions and thoughts. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 During difficult circumstances, these distorted thoughts can contribute to an overall negative outlook on the world and a depressive or anxious mental state. According to hopelessness theory and Beck's theory, the meaning or interpretation that people give to their experience importantly influences whether they will become depressed and whether they will suffer severe, repeated, or long-duration episodes of depression.

Challenging and changing cognitive distortions is a key element of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Cognitive distortions or ‘unhelpful thinking styles’ are ways that our thoughts can become biased. As conscious beings we are always interpreting the world around us, trying to make sense of what is happening. Sometimes our brains take ‘short cuts’ and generate results that are not completely accurate. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Different cognitive short cuts result in different kinds of bias or distortions in our thinking. Sometimes we might jump to the worst possible conclusion, at other times we might blame ourselves for things that are not our fault. Cognitive distortions happen automatically – we don’t mean to think inaccurately – but unless we learn to notice them they can have powerful yet invisible effects upon our moods and our lives. Cognitive distortions were first noted by Aaron Beck in his research with depressed patients in the 1960’s [1]. They formed a central part of his cognitive theory of depression [2] and, later, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Beck believed that the negative schemas developed and manifested themselves in the perspective and behavior. The distorted thought processes lead to focusing on degrading the self, amplifying minor external setbacks, experiencing other's harmless comments as ill-intended, while simultaneously seeing self as inferior. Inevitably cognitions are reflected in their behavior with a reduced desire to care for oneself, to seek pleasure, and give up. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 These exaggerated perceptions, due to cognition, feel real and accurate because the schemas, after being reinforced through the behavior, tend to become automatic and do not allow time for reflection. This cycle is also known as Beck's cognitive triad, focused on the theory that the person's negative schema applied to the self, the future, and the environment.

Beck's student David D. Burns continued research on the topic. In his book Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy, Burns described personal and professional anecdotes related to cognitive distortions and their elimination. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 When Burns published Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy, it made Beck's approach to distorted thinking widely known and popularized. Burns sold over four million copies of the book in the United States alone. It was a book commonly "prescribed" for patients who have cognitive distortions that have led to depression. Beck approved of the book, saying that it would help others alter their depressed moods by simplifying the extensive study and research that had taken place since shortly after Beck had started as a student and practitioner of psychoanalytic psychiatry. Nine years later, The Feeling Good Handbook was published, which was also built on Beck's work and includes a list of ten specific cognitive distortions that will be discussed throughout this article.

SECTION – C

9. Treatment principles of Solution focused therapy

Solution-focused therapy, also called solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), is a type of therapy that places far more importance on discussing solutions than problems (Berg, n.d.). IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Of course, you must discuss the problem to find a solution, but beyond understanding what the problem is and deciding how to address it, solution-focused therapy will not dwell on every detail of the problem you are experiencing.

Solution-focused brief therapy doesn’t require a deep dive into your childhood and the ways in which your past has influenced your present. Instead, it will root your sessions firmly in the present while working toward a future in which your current problems have less of an impact on your life (Iveson, 2002).

10. Double-standard dispute as a CBT technique

11. Group therapy vs. Individual therapy

Group therapy is generally acknowledged as beginning when the physician J. H. Pratt began group sessions to instruct individuals in the care of tuberculosis. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Pratt found that the groups benefited the members emotionally due to supporting one another in shared experiences. Pratt eventually began referring to his sessions as group psychotherapy.         

Individual therapy consists of a therapeutic situation where one individual (termed the client for purposes of this article) is involved in the therapeutic process with at least one therapist.  A therapist can be anyone professionally trained in the use of therapy, including a psychologist, social worker, counselor, psychiatrist, marriage and family counselor, etc.

12. In groups and Out groups

In sociology and social psychology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, religion, or nation. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena.

13. Projective identification

Projective identification is a term introduced by Melanie Klein and then widely adopted in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Projective identification may be used as a type of defense, a means of communicating, a primitive form of relationship, or a route to psychological change; used for ridding the self of unwanted parts or for controlling the other's body and mind.

14. Multisystemic therapy

Multisystemic therapy (MST) is an intense, family-focused and community-based treatment program for juveniles with serious criminal offenses who are possibly abusing substances. It is also a therapy strategy to teach their families how to foster their success in recovery.

The goals of MST are to lower rates of criminal behavior in juvenile offenders. There are several things MST therapy must include: integration of empirically based treatment to acknowledge a large variety of risk factors that may be influencing the behavior; rewards for positive changes in behavior and environment to ultimately empower caregivers; and many thorough quality assurance mechanisms that focus on completing objectives set in treatment

15. Cognitive analytic therapy

Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) is a form of psychological therapy initially developed in the United Kingdom by Anthony Ryle. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This time-limited therapy was developed in the context of the UK's National Health Service with the aim of providing effective and affordable psychological treatment which could be realistically provided in a resource constrained public health system. It is distinctive due to its intensive use of reformulation, its integration of cognitive and analytic practice and its collaborative nature, involving the patient very actively in their treatment.

16. Goals of therapy with dying persons

The major goals of therapy with the dying patient can be summarized in a few simple statements.

• To allow open communication with patients regarding their conditions, and to provide honest, factual information about those conditions.

• To facilitate the expression of important emotions and to help patients learn to manage these emotions as well possible under the circumstances.

• To provide a relationship in which patients can experience support in the confrontation with death.

• To intervene between patients and other significant people such as family, friends, and medical staff.

17. Five stages of dying by Kubler-Ross

The first stage in the Kubler-Ross model is denial . During this stage, the initial (and most common) emotional response to the knowledge of impending death is denial. People in this stage say, 'No, not me. It can't be!' According to Kubler-Ross, denial serves as a defense mechanism. Denying the inevitable helps ease anxiety and fearful thoughts. IGNOU MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example, a man diagnosed with cancer may be adamant that the test results are incorrect or feels invincible and thinks he can beat the odds of survival. Denial can be a positive coping method, allowing one to come to terms with the knowledge of dying on their own until they are ready to cope constructively. Close family members and friends may also experience denial.

18. Extinction vs Spontaneous recovery

Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. 

Spontaneous recovery can be defined as the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response. If the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer associated, extinction will occur very rapidly after a spontaneous recovery.

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Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 All this is available in an online mode. MPCE 013 Solved Assignment 2021-22 After submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.

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