Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other.
In 1998, the United Nations Education, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established the International Panel on Democracy
and Development (IPDD). This panel was made from international figures and was
chaired by Boutros Boutros-Ghali. Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other The Interaction Between Democracy and
Development recalls the discussions of this panel and highlights its insights.
The panel began by discussing democracy and development separately, then
discussed their interrelation, globalization and therefore the proper role of
the international community.
According to The Interaction Between Democracy and
Development, democracy embodies four basic principals: freedom, justice, free
participation of citizens and human rights. These "democratic
principals" are thought to "...constitute a fundamental source of
common value which will be described because the common heritage of
humankind." Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other Though common to all or any "true democracies,"
these principals will combat different forms, and can be realized by different
means, in several societies. it's thought that democracy should reflect the
precise social, cultural and economic context of a given society.
In doing so, however, a democratic society must remember of
three potential pitfalls. First, the domination of the bulk doesn't constitute
democracy. Minority groups deserve representation and without it, democratic
governance is just a tyranny of the bulk . Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other Second, minority political
representation in and of itself doesn't guarantee harmony and in some cases can
exacerbate problems. Finally, despite a requirement for cultural diversity in
politics, minority status shouldn't be the idea for access to power. That is,
ethnicity, cultural or religious ties shouldn't be prerequisites to political
power (even for minority groups).
To avoid these pitfalls, a culture of democracy must be
established (in addition to the physical structures of democracy like a
parliament). Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other This culture should include a tolerance and respect for others,
dialogue between groups, and a way of pluralism. In other words, democracy only
works when people respect differences, discuss them, and are willing to share
power. Without these concepts ingrained into a culture, democracy may have free
participation of citizens, but the opposite democratic values of freedom, justice
and human rights are likely to be neglected.
In defining development, this book went beyond the common conception of development as economic advancement. consistent with the IPDD, it includes the "...whole range of economic, social and cultural reach which peoples aspire." Thus, while economic advancement may be a piece of development, the IPDD's definition includes social and cultural advancement also . As such, development (like democracy) should be tailored to cultural contexts. Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each otherIf local social and cultural contexts aren't taken under consideration during development, an impact of the "colonization" of local culture by "world culture" may result, exacerbating "patterns of withdrawal" and possibly resulting in increased violence.
In regard to the connection between democracy and
development, the IPDD stated that there's "...now widespread agreement
that an in depth relationship exists between them." This relationship is
assumed to be complementary and mutually reinforcing. A "true
democracy" is assumed to need a minimum standard of living, Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other which
successively requires a minimum level of development. On the opposite hand,
efficient development is assumed to need democratic governance. Further, the
IPDD claims that "democracy, development and peace form a trilogy, a
standard purpose." this is often thought to be because democracies
generally solve their internal disputes peacefully and since many conflicts
have a cloth root that would be eliminated through successful development.
Thus, though distinctly different phenomena, democracy, development, and peace
are thought to be highly interrelated.
This interrelation is increasingly important thanks to
globalization. consistent with the IPDD, globalization are often
"...understood to mean increased political, economic and social
interdependence between all countries within the world..." and this is
often thought to be "inevitable". While globalization are often a
real asset for democracy, it also can threaten "democratic values."
The panel recognized that the present sort of globalization has had mixed
results, in some cases helping to spread democratic values, and in others
resulting in exploitation. In part, the negative effects of globalization are
thought to be a results of the undemocratic nature of diplomacy .
Currently, diplomacy are colored by an unequal power
relationship supported relative economic and military might. In many cases,
globalization has only exacerbated this inequality. so as to stop this, the
IPDD suggests that "...globalization should be subject to democratic
regulations." this is able to require the inclusion of democratic
principals in international monetary organizations, like the planet Bank and
therefore the International fund , also as international political organizations
including the UN.
Indeed, the panel questioned the legitimacy of the UN to
intervene in democratic affairs, because it lacks "true democracy"
internally. Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other In the UN, only the safety Council has the facility to pass
resolutions backed with coercive force, yet the safety Council isn't
democratically elected. Additionally, the panel questioned whether it had been
"...legitimate to encourage democracy through external actions..."
since the UN charter "...requires the sovereignty of the state to be
respected in accordance with the principle of non-interference." within
the end, the panel decided that the UN can, in fact, legitimately encourage
both democracy and human rights through external forces.
The rationalization for this legitimacy stems partially from
the thought that these "democratic values" (freedom, justice, free
participation of citizens and human rights) are a part of "common human
heritage" and partially from the "inevitability" of
globalization. That is, since we are getting more and more interdependent (due
to globalization), and since democratic values are thought to be values common
to all or any people, their encouragement isn't seen as a violation of
sovereignty. However, the panel was highly critical of the way during which
democratic values are currently being encouraged by the international
community.
In particular, they questioned the appliance of economic
sanctions. Economic sanctions often hurt the foremost vulnerable people in
society, while leaving the powerful relatively untouched. This increases
material disparity and may cause a relative increase in power for despots,
because the citizens become more hooked in to them and at an equivalent time
lose resources necessary to resist them. Thus the panel suggests that the
important effect of economic sanctions be carefully analyzed before
implementation. Further, only "targeted sanctions" (sanctions which
hurt the powerful, not the powerless) should be used .
While economic sanctions target individuals impeding
democracy and development, the panel identified several cultural impediments
including religious fanaticism, xenophobia, racism, sexism, economic inequality
and therefore the excessive centralization of power. so as to beat these
impediments, the panel suggested the promotion of education, freedom of
communication, free, fair and truly representative government, transparency at
every level, a protection of individual and collective rights and judicial
reform. Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other Of these, education and judicial reform are seen because the most
significant . Education is vital because democratic values can literally be
taught by an academic system, and education is important to modern development.
Judicial reform is vital because a totally functioning judiciary is important
to determine justice.
According to the IPDD, justice through the rule of law may
be a necessary precursor to efficient development and effective democracy. This
justice must be legitimate, transparent and accountable, and therefore the laws
it's supported must be clear, fair and reliable. Without such justice,
development are going to be stymied by corruption, the theft of property , a
scarcity of international investment and unenforceable contracts. Democracy
also suffers from a scarcity of justice as corrupt and incompetent leaders can cash
in of the populace.
According to The Interaction Between Democracy and
Development. "Democracy and development are complementary, and that they
reinforce one another ." Further, both democracy and development are
thought to encourage peace. Thus it's thought that,world peace are often
achieved sooner through the democratization and development of the planet . The
IPPD views this because the responsibility of the international community and
especially the UN (despite some legitimacy concerns). Thus, consistent with the
IPPD, world peace are going to be achieved when the international community
simultaneously encourages democracy and development throughout the planet .
Democratization of a rustic from a non-democratic regime is
typically preceded by a fall in GDP, and a volatile but expected growth within
the end of the day , While on the opposite hand authoritarian regimes
experience significant growth at the start and decline within the end of the
day . The explanation for such behavior is Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other that non-democratic regimes, mainly
authoritarian ones, are simpler at implementing decisive policies and choices
also as solving ethnic and sub-national conflicts, but are unsustainable within
the end of the day as there's more incentive to extract money from society which
successively results in less prosperity. Democratic regimes revolve around
institutions and policies which lay the foundations, through which principles
of liberty and equality are designed and followed, thus directly or indirectly
affecting firms or individuals who enjoy the directives and increase their
growth, which successively features a positive impact on economy.
The positive changes of democracy to economic process like
delegation of authority and regulations of social conflicts heavily outweigh
the negative and restrictive effects, especially in comparison to autocracy.
one among the most reasons for this is often that society, i.e. voters are
ready to support difficult trade offs and changes when there's no perceived
alternative. this is often primarily true in countries with a better level of
education. So it ties the event level of a rustic together of the decisive
factors to undergo positive democratic changes and reforms. Thus, countries
that embark in democratization at higher levels of education are more likely
than to not continue their development under democracy.
A 2006 meta-analysis found that democracy has no direct
effect on economic process . However, it's strong and significant indirect
effects which contribute to growth. Democracy is related to higher human
capital accumulation, lower inflation, lower political instability, and better
economic freedom. Democracy is closely tied with economic sources of growth,
like education levels and lifespan through improvement of educative
institutions also as healthcare. Discuss how democracy and development are co-related to each other "As democracy expands in developing
countries, newly empowered workers are likely to demand better living
conditions, health care, access to wash water, then on—all conditions that
contribute to increased anticipation and, in turn, to increased
productivity". there's also some evidence that it's related to larger
governments and more restrictions on international trade.
The conditions for his or her origins could also be hard to
work out , but the factors on which its survival depends are easily
identifiable, and are tightly connected to economic process , that's the extent
of development measured as per capita income. Another factor would be the
education of the labor pool . Specifically the years of schooling of a mean
citizen. This greatly elevates the probability that a democracy will survive.
However, albeit income and education are highly correlated, their impact seems
to be to some extent independent, with the impact of per capita income being
much stronger. Empirical patterns show that a democracy is more fragile in
countries where per capita income stagnates or declines, but the causality isn't
clear. the very fact that economic process is tightly connected to democracies
doesn't come as a surprise, since democracies are more frequent among the
economically developed countries, and are rarer among poor ones.