ANIMAL KINGDOM
a
INTRODUCTION
Animals are a different group of organisms that make up the area known as Animalia. They're a veritably familiar group of organisms and are the veritably area of life that humans belong to. In this preface to creatures we will cover the difference between invertebrate and brute creatures and introduce a range of creatures from both groups.
The first creatures are allowed to have evolved over 550 million times agone. Over the last 550 million times the beast area has come incredibly successful and different with numerous million species now inhabiting Earth.
The general description of an beast is a multicellular, heterotrophic organism.The term multicellular simply means that an beast is made from further than one cell. A mortal, for illustration, is made from around 30 trillion cells.
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Millions of species of animals
have been described and it becomes further necessary to classify them to assign
a methodical position.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Animals are classified on the
base of arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, pattern of
digestive, circulatory and reproductive system.
Open
circulatory system - blood
is pumped out of heart and cells and tissue are directly bathed in it.
Closed
circulatory system - blood is circulated through arteries, veins and capillaries.
The body depression which is lined by mesoderm is called coelom. Animals enjoying coelom are called coelomate (Annelida, Chordates, Mollusca).
In some animals depression isn't lined by mesoderm but scattered as sacks in between ectoderm and endoderm, are called pseudo-coelomates (Aschelminthes). The animals in which body depression is absent are called acoelomate (Platyhelminthes).
In some animals, body is externally and internally divided into parts with serial repetition as in earthworm, called metameric segmentation.
Animal Kingdom Class 11 Notes self Study
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
Phylum Porifera-
• Members
of this phylum are generally known as sponges. Substantially marine,
asymmetrical and have cellular position of association.
• They've
water transport or conduit system. Water enters through nanosecond pores, Ostia
into central depression Spongocoel, from where it goes out through Osculum.
• Nutrition,
respiration and excretion is performed by pathway of water transport system.
• Skeleton
made up of spicules or spongin fibres.
• Egg
and sperms are produced by same organism (hermaphrodite). Asexual reduplication
by fragmentation and sexual reduplication by gametes conformation.
• Fertilisation
internal and development is circular.
Example
– Sycon, Spongilla.
Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterate)
• They're
submarine, substantially marine, sessile, free swimming, radially symmetrical animals.
• They
parade tissue position of association, diploblastic, coelomate with single
opening.
• They
show two types of body called neoplasm and medusa.
• Neoplasm
is sessile, fixed, and spherical, without gonads. Example Hydra, Adamsia.
Medusa is free swimming, marquee like having gonads like Aurelia and Jelly
fish.
• Some
cnidarians exhibits both forms (Obelia). Neoplasm produce medusa asexually and
medusa produce neoplasm sexually.
Phylum Ctenophora
- Generally known as the Comb Jellies or Sea Walnuts.
- Simply
marine, diploblastic, radially symmetrical, with tissue position of
association.
- Body
bears eight ciliated comb plates which help in locomotion.
- Bioluminescence (to emit light) is present in Ctenophores.
- Are Hermaphrodite, fertilisation is external, development circular.
Example - Ctenoplana, Pleurobranchia.
Phylum Platyhelminthes (The Flat worms)
- Dorso-ventrally
smoothed body, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, acoelomate with organs
situations of association.
- Hooks and sucker are present in parasitic forms. Honey cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.
- Fertilisation is internal, development is circular. They're hermaphrodite.
Example - Taenia,
Planaria, Fasciola.
Phylum Aschelminthes (The Round Worm)
• They
may be free-living, submarine, terrestrial or parasitic in plants or animals.
• Bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic, mock coelomate.
• Alimentary
conduit is complete with well- developed muscular pharynx.
• They're
Dioecious females are longer than man.
Example -
Ascaris (round worm), Wucheriria (filarial worm), Ancyclostoma.
Phylum Annelida
• Submarine
or terrestrial, bilaterally symmetrical, segmented with organ system position
of association.
• Submarine
Annelids like Nereis possesses side accessories parapodia, for swimming.
Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion.
• Neural
system consists of paired ganglia connected by side jitters to a double frontal
whim-whams cord.
• Dioecious
(Nereis) or monocious (earthworm, bloodsucker)
Example -Pheretima
(earthworm), Hirunidaria (Blood stinking bloodsucker).
Phylum Arthropoda
• Largest
phylum of animals which includes insects. They've organ system of association.
They're triploblastic, coelomate, bilaterally symmetrical with chitinous
exoskeleton.
• Body
consists of head, abdomen and tummy, concerted accessories ( concerted bases).
Respiratory organs are gills, book lungs or tracheal system with open
circulatory system.
• Excretion
through malpighian tubules, sense organs antenna or eyes. Fertilisation
internal, substantially oviparous.
• Example -
Economically important –
Apis ( honey freak), Bombyx (silk worm).
Vectors – Anopheles, Ades, Culex (mosquito).
Living fuds – Limulus ( king
grouser)
Phylum Mollusca
• Terrestrial
or submarine, organ position of association, bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and coelomate.
• Body
divided into head, muscular bottom and visceral hump. Unsegmented and covered
with calcareous shell.
• Feather
like gills are present between hump and mantle.
• Mouth
contains train like rasping organ for feeding called radula.
• Example
-Pila, Octopus.
Phylum Echinodermata (The Spiny Skinned Animals)
• Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles, marine with organ
system of association.
• Triploblastic,
coelomate, presence of water vascular system help in locomotion, prisoner of
food and respiration.
• Relations are separate, fertilization is external and
development is circular.
• Example -Asterias
(Star fish), Cucumaria (Sea cucumber), Antedon (Sea lily).
Phylum Hemichordata
• Worm-like marine animals with organ system of organization,
bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate animals.
• Body is spherical, composed of anterior conk, a collar
and a long box.
• Open circulatory system, respiration by gills, excretory
organ is proboscis glands.
• Relations are separate, fertilization external, circular
development.
• Example -Balanoglossus,
Saccoglossus.
Phylum Chordates
• Presence
of notochord, have dorsal hollow nerve chord and paired paired
pharyngeal gill gashes.
• Bilaterally
symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with organs system situations of
association.
• Closed
circulatory system, frontal heart, post-anal tail is present.
• In
Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail.
• In
Cephalochordate it extends from head to tail and persists throughout the life.
• Vertebrata
possesses notochord in embryonic period which is replaced by vertebral column
in the grown-ups.
• •Sub-phylum
Vertebrata is further divided into two division Agnatha (lacks jaw) and
Gnathostomata (bears jaw).
• Gnathostomata
is further divided into two super class-Pisces (bears fins) and Tetrapoda
(bears limbs).
RELATED POSTS:
Class Cyclostomata (Circular mouthed
fishes) –
• They're
ectoparasites on some fishes. They've stinking and indirect mouth without jaws.
• Body
devoid of scales, gill gashes for respiration, skull and vertebral column is
cartilaginous.
• Rotation
is unrestricted type. They're marine but resettle to fresh water for begetting
and die after many days. Larva return to swell after transformation.
• Example - Petromyzon (Lamprey), Maxine
(Hag fish).
Class Chondrichthyes (The Cartilaginous Fish)
• They're
marine, streamlined body, have cartilaginous endoskeleton, cold blooded, tough
skin with nanosecond placoid scales.
• Gill
gashes are separate without operculum.
• They've
important jaw and are predaters.
• Air
bladder is absent, hence to avoid sinking swims constantly. Heart is two
sheltered, cold blooded (Poikilothermous).
• Relations
separate. Males have pelvic fins which bear claspers. Internal fertilisation,
numerous are viviparous.
Example-Scoliodon (Dog fish), Carcharodron ( great white wolf).
ALSO CHECK:
Class Ostechthyes (The body fish)
• Marine
and fresh water both have bony endoskeleton. Streamlined body with four brace
of gills covered by operculum.
• Skin
is covered with scales, air bladder is present, and heart is two sheltered,
cold blooded.
• sexes are
separate, fertilization external, oviparous and development direct.
Example
Marine-Hippocampus
(Sea steed), Exocoetus (Flying fish).
Fresh water-Labeo
(Rohu), Catla, Clarias (Magur).
Class -
Amphibia
• They
live in submarine as well as terrestrial niche.
• They've
Two dyads of branches
• Wettish
skin without scales.
• Respiration
by gills, lungs or skin.
• They've
three sheltered heart, They're cold blooded.
• They're
Oviparous
Example Rana
(frog), Salamander, Hyla
. Class-Reptilia
• Substantially
terrestrial animals.
• They've
two brace of limb if they're present.
• Sot
and cornified skin having scale or scute.
• They
took Respiration by lungs.
• They
have three chambered heart, exception Crocodile 4- sheltered.
• They're
Oviparous
Example
Chamelion, Crocodilus, Naja
Class-Aves
·
Feathers for flying are present.
·
Forelimb is modified into bodies.
·
Skin is dry without glands. Long bones are
concave with air depressions.
·
Respiration by lungs.
·
They've four sheltered heart, warm
thoroughbred.
·
They're Oviparous
Example Columba, Pavo, Ostrich.
Class -
Mammals
·
Substantially terrestrial, a many can fly and
live in water.
·
They've Two pair of limbs. Their Skin possesses
hairs.
·
Mammary gland is present to produce milk.
·
Respiration by lungs. They've four sheltered
heart.
·
They're Viviparous or Oviparous , Platypus
(oviparous)
Example Camel, Dog, Blue Goliath.
