BEGS 183 Solved Assignment 2022-23
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BEGS 183
WRITING AND STUDY SKILLS
Programme: BAG/2022/2022-23
Course Code: BEGS 183
Max. Marks: 100
BEGS 183 Solved
Assignment
SECTION A
I. Write
short notes on the following: 5x5=25
1. How are
new words formed through affixation and compounding? Give examples of both.
Compounding
Compounding forms a word out of two or more root morphemes. The words are
called compounds or compound words.
In Linguistics, compounds can be either native or borrowed.
Native English roots are typically free morphemes, so that
means native compounds are made out of independent words that can occur by
themselves. Examples:
mailman (composed of free root mail and free
root man)
mail carrier
dog house
fireplace
fireplug (a regional word for 'fire hydrant')
fire hydrant
dry run
cupcake
cup holder
email
e-ticket
pick-up truck
talking-to
Some compounds have a preposition as one of the component
words as in the last 2 examples.
In Greek and Latin, in contrast to English, roots do not
typically stand alone. So compounds are composed of bound roots. Compounds
formed in English from borrowed Latin and Greek morphemes preserve this
characteristic. Examples include photograph, iatrogenic, and many
thousands of other classical words.
Note that compounds are written in various ways in English:
with a space between the elements; with a hyphen between the elements; or
simply with the two roots run together with no separation. The way the word is
written does not affect its status as a compound. Over time, the convention for
writing compounds can change, usually in the direction from separate words
(e.g. email used to be written with a hyphen. In the 19th century, today and tomorrow
were sometimes still written to-day and to-morrow. The to originally
was the preposition to with an older meaning 'at [a particular period
of time]'. Clock work changed to clock-work and finally to
one word with no break (clockwork). If you read older literature you might see
some compound words that are now written as one word appearing with unfamiliar
spaces or hyphens between the components.
Another thing to note about compounds is that they can
combine words of different parts of speech. The list above shows mostly
noun-noun compounds, which is probably the most common part of speech
combination, but there are others, such as adjective-noun (dry run, blackbird, hard
drive), verb-noun (pick-pocket, cut-purse, lick-spittle) and even
verb-particle (where 'particle' means a word basically designating spatial
expression that functions to complete a literal or metaphorical path), as
in run-through, hold-over. Sometimes these compounds are different in
the part of speech of the whole compound vs. the part of speech of its
components. Note that the last two are actually nouns, despite their
components.
Affixation (Subtype
of Derivation)
The most common type of derivation is the addition of one or more affixes
to a root, as in the word derivation itself. This process is called
affixation, a term which covers both prefixation and suffixation.
Blending
Blending is one of the most beloved of word formation processes in English. It
is especially creative in that speakers take two words and merge them based not
on morpheme structure but on sound structure. The resulting words are called
blends.
Usually in word formation we combine roots or affixes along
their edges: one morpheme comes to an end before the next one starts. For
example, we form derivation out of the sequence of morphemes
de+riv+at(e)+ion. One morpheme follows the next and each one has identifiable
boundaries. The morphemes do not overlap.
But in blending, part of one word is stitched onto another
word, without any regard for where one morpheme ends and another begins. For
example, the word swooshtika 'Nike swoosh as a logo symbolizing
corporate power and hegemony' was formed from swoosh and swastika.
The swoosh part remains whole and recognizable in the blend, but
the tika part is not a morpheme, either in the word swastika or
in the blend. The blend is a perfect merger of form, and also of content. The
meaning contains an implicit analogy between the swastika and
the swoosh, and thus conceptually blends them into one new kind of thing
having properties of both, but also combined properties of neither source.
Other examples include glitterati (blending glitter and literati)
'Hollywood social set', mockumentary (mock and documentary)
'spoof documentary'.
The earliest blends in English only go back to the 19th
century, with wordplay coinages by Lewis Carroll in Jabberwocky. For example,
he introduced to the language slithy, formed from lithe and slimy,
and galumph, (from gallop and triumph. Interestingly galumph has
survived as a word in English, but it now seems to mean 'walk in a stomping,
ungainly way'.
Some blends that have been around for quite a while
include brunch (breakfast and lunch), motel (motor
hotel), electrocute (electric and execute), smog (smoke and
fog) and cheeseburger (cheese and hamburger). These go back to the first half
of the twentieth century. Others, such as stagflation (stagnation and
inflation), spork (spoon and fork), and carjacking (car and
hijacking) arose since the 1970s.
Here are some more recent blends I have run across:
mocktail (mock and cocktail) 'cocktail with no alcohol'
splog (spam and blog) 'fake blog designed to attract hits and raise
Google-ranking'
Britpoperati (Britpop and literati) 'those knowledgable about current
British pop music'
Clipping
Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is 'clipped' off
the rest, and the remaining word now means essentially the same thing as what
the whole word means or meant. For example, the word rifle is a
fairly modern clipping of an earlier compound rifle gun, meaning a gun
with a rifled barrel. (Rifled means having a spiral groove causing the
bullet to spin, and thus making it more accurate.) Another clipping is burger,
formed by clipping off the beginning of the word hamburger. (This clipping
could only come about once hamburg+er was reanalyzed as ham+burger.)
Acronyms
Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and making a word
out of it. Acronyms provide a way of turning a phrase into a word. The
classical acronym is also pronounced as a word. Scuba was formed
from self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. The word snafu was
originally WW2 army slang for Situation Normal All Fucked Up. Acronyms were
being used more and more by military bureaucrats, and soldiers coined snafu in
an apparent parody of this overused device. Sometimes an acronym uses not just
the first letter, but the first syllable of a component word, for example radar,
RAdio Detection And Ranging and sonar, SOund Navigation and Ranging. Radar
forms an analogical model for both sonar and lidar, a technology
that measures distance to a target and and maps its surface by bouncing a laser
off it. There is some evidence that lidar was not coined as an
acronym, but instead as a blend of light and radar. Based on the
word itself, either etymology appears to work, so many speakers assume that lidar is
an acronym rather than a blend.
A German example that strings together the initial syllables
of the words in the phrase, is Gestapo , from GEheime STAats POlizei
'Sectret State Police'. Another is Stasi, from STAats SIcherheit 'State
Security'. Acronyms are a subtype of initialism. Initialisms also include words
made from the initial letters of a Phrase but NOT pronounced as a normal word -
it is instead pronounced as a string of letters. Organzation names aroften
initialisms of his type. Examples:
NOW (National Organization of Women)
US or U.S., USA or U.S.A. (United States)
UN or U.N. (United Nations)
IMF (International Monetary Fund)
Some organizations ARE pronounced as a word:
UNICEF
MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving)
The last example incorporates a meaning into the word that
fits the nature of the organization. Sometimes this type is called a Reverse
Acronym or a Backronym.
These can be thought of as a special case of acronyms.
2. Describe
the various steps involved in the process approach to writing.
3. Explain
with suitable examples, how diagrams can be used to organize notes.
4. What
aspects should be considered while writing a process analysis?
5. How can
cohesive devices be used to bring about coherence in a paragraph? Give suitable
examples.
SECTION B
II. Answer
the following in around 150 words each: 10x4 = 40
1. What
strategies would you adopt to become a critical reader?
2. What are
the probable hard-spots in English Grammar, for those who learn English as a
second language?
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3. How is
persuasive writing different from argumentative writing? Illustrate your answer
with examples of both.
4. Briefly
describe the three major types of study skills and show how they help us to
become better learners. 4
SECTION C III.
1. Write a
paragraph of about 150 words on the topic given below. Underline the topic
sentence after writing the paragraph. “Protecting our cultural heritage:
aspects to be considered.” 15
2. Write a
well - developed composition on the topic given below: “Importance of providing
skills training to students in Indian higher education .” Your composition
should have a clear introduction, body and conclusion.
IGNOU Assignment Status 2022-23
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3-4 weeks. it'd take 40 days to declare.
BEGS 183 Solved
Assignment 2022-23: Those students who had
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now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also
checkout their assignment marks & result. BEGS 183 Solved
Assignment 2022-23 All this is available in an online mode. After
submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after
3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.
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