IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022
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BPAG 171
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Programme: BAG/2021/2022
Course Code: BPAG 171
Max. Marks: 100
BPAG 171 Free Solved
Assignment
Assignment A
Answer the
following in about 500 words each.
Q1. Define
vulnerability and various factors of causing it.
The characteristics determined by physical, social, economic
and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an
individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of
hazards.Vulnerability is the human dimension of disasters and is the result of
the range of economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and
psychological factors that shape people’s lives and the environment that they
live invulnerability can be a challenging concept to understand because it
tends to mean different things to different people and because it is often
described using a variety of terms including ‘predisposition’, ‘fragility’,
‘weakness’, ‘deficiency’ or ‘lack of capacity’. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Some definitions of
vulnerability have included exposure in addition to susceptibility to harm.
However, it is now understood that exposure is separate to the ‘susceptibility’
element of vulnerability since it is possible to be exposed, whilst at the same
time not susceptible to natural hazards Despite some divergence over the
meaning of vulnerability, most experts agree that understanding vulnerability
requires more than analysing the direct impacts of a hazard. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Vulnerability also
concerns the wider environmental and social conditions that limit people and
communities to cope with the impact of hazard. Vulnerability is complex. It has
many dimensions, it is driven by factors at different levels, from local to
global, and it is dynamic as it alters under the pressure of these driving
forces. Furthermore, the complex factors that make people vulnerable are not
always immediately obvious
The chain of causes of vulnerability, from the underlying
drivers of vulnerability (e.g. socio-economic processes) to the immediate
conditions that present themselves (e.g. poor quality housing), can be both
long and complex; but by tracking it we can identify the progression of
vulnerability that builds pressures on communities. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 These pressures can be
released by taking measures to reduce vulnerability at various points along the
causal chain. Owing to its different facets, there is no one single method for
assessing vulnerability. Ideally, any assessment should adopt a holistic
approach to assessing vulnerability. In reality, methods are usually divided
into those that consider physical (or built environment) vulnerability and
those that consider socio-economic vulnerability.
Physical factors Poor design and construction of buildings,
unregulated land use planning, etc. An example on physical factors: IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 UNECE study
maps transport infrastructure at high risk due to climate change in
Pan-European region and Canada
Social factors Poverty and inequality, marginalisation,
social exclusion and discrimination by gender, social status, disability and
age (amongst other factors) psychological factors, etc. An example on social
factors: IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Older adults' independence is most significant factor for
vulnerability in hot weather
Economic factors The uninsured informal sector, vulnerable
rural livelihoods, dependence on single industries, globalisation of business
and supply chains, etc. An example on economic factors: Secure food supply
chain
Environmental factors Poor environmental management,
overconsumption of natural resources, decline of risk regulating ecosystem
services, climate change, etc. An example on environmental factors: Severe air
pollution can heighten Covid-19 risk in South Asia In addition, vulnerability
is determined by historical, political, cultural and institutional and natural
resource processes that shape the social and environmental conditions people
find themselves existing within. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 These processes produce a range of immediate
unsafe conditions such as living in dangerous locations or in poor housing,
ill-health, political tensions or a lack of local institutions or preparedness
measures. Many of the underlying drivers of vulnerability, including poorly
managed urban development, are increasing, and resulting in vulnerability
increasing in many countries and regions of the world. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 While evidence suggests
that wealthier, well governed countries are able to reduce disaster risks, some
countries have exhibited rapid economic growth in the last few decades without
a commensurable rate of vulnerability reduction.
Q2. Briefly
discuss the relationship between disaster and development.
Disasters and development are closely linked. Disasters can
both destroy development initiatives and create development opportunities.
Development schemes can both increase and decrease vulnerability.In the
traditional approach to disasters, the attitude was that the disasters,
especially natural ones, were an act of god and as such were beyond human
control; accepting death and damage to property was part of the costs. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 With
such an attitude, most development plans were designed without consideration for
the effect disasters would have on community plans and vice versa. When a
disaster did occur, the response was directed at meeting emergency needs and
cleaning up. In the current approach, it has been realized that much more can
and need to be done to reduce the severity of hazards and disasters. Disaster
reduction and coping with disasters touch many areas of human life and society
constituting a core task for sustainable development. Major UN Conferences on
Environment and Development (Rio de Janerio, 1992) and on the Reduction of
Natural Disasters (Yokohama, 1994) have stressed that natural disasters cannot
be attributed solely to natural causes; they are as much a result of incorrect
human conduct. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 However, a purely antithetical understanding of the relation
between disasters and development may not give the true picture. Before we move
any further with the discussion, it may be pertinent to elucidate the meaning
of the two terms that will be frequently referred in this text, that is,’
Disasters’ and ‘Development’. ‘Disaster’ can be defined as “any serious
disruption in the functioning of the society, caused by a hazard having wide
spread human, material, environmental and other losses which exceed the ability
of the affected society to cope using its own resources.”
On the other hand ‘Development’ is a comprehensive social,
economical and political process that aims at the constant improvement of the
well being of the population and all individuals. The IDNDR articulates the
prime ones as: irresponsible approach to the environment, the proneness of mega
cities to grow out of control and population growth (Sinha, 2003). IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Over the
past few years, there has been an apparent increase in the number of natural
disasters, and with it, increasing losses on account of urbanisation and
population growth. Clearly, the perspective on development has been
one-dimensional, that is, cognisance has been taken exclusively of the growth
aspect, without an eye on sustainability. As a result, the impact of natural
disasters is now felt to a greater extent. According to the United Nations, in
2001 alone, natural disasters of medium to high range caused at least 25,000
deaths around the world, which is more than double the previous year and
economic losses of around US$ 36 billion.
These figures would be much higher, if the consequences of
the many small and unrecorded disasters that cause significant destruction at
the local community level were to be taken into account. Some 75 per cent of
the world’s population lives in areas affected at least once by earthquake,
tropical cyclone, flood or drought between 1980 and 2000. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 A growing body of
knowledge on the relationships between disasters and development indicates four
basic themes as follows:
·
Disasters set back development programming, destroying years of development
initiatives.
·
Rebuilding after a disaster provides significant opportunities to initiate
development programmes.
·
Development programmes can increase an area’s susceptibility to disasters.
·
Development programmes can be designed to decrease the susceptibility to
disasters and their negative consequences.
·
Thus, the policy makers cannot ignore the relationship between the disaster and
development. Projects are thus being designed to include disaster recovery programmes
and with long term development needs in mind. Disasters can significantly
impede the effectiveness of development resource allocation.
Assignment B
Answer the
following in about 250 words each.
Q3. Write a
note on the National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009 and National Disaster
Management Plan, 2016.
National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016 is the
first-ever national plan prepared in the country for disaster management. With
National Disaster Management Plan 2016 India has aligned our National Plan with
the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, to which India is a
signatory.
·
National Disaster Management Act, 2005 – Provided the legal basis for disaster
management.
·
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) – Coordinates activities of
disaster management.
·
National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), 2009 – Institutional mechanisms.
·
National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016 – Aligned with Sendai Framework
·
National Disaster Management Plan aims to make India disaster resilient and
significantly reduce the loss of lives and assets.
·
National Disaster Management Plan based on the four priority themes of the
Sendai Framework namely: BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 understanding disaster risk, improving disaster risk
governance, investing in disaster risk reduction (through structural and
nonstructural measures) and disaster preparedness, early warning and building
back better in the aftermath of a disaster.
· NDMP
covers all phases of disaster management: prevention, mitigation, response and
recovery.
· NDMP
spells out roles and responsibilities of all levels of Government right up to
Panchayat and Urban Local Body level in a matrix format.
· It
provides for horizontal and vertical integration among all the agencies and
departments of the Government.
· The
plan also spells out the roles and responsibilities of all levels of Government
right up to Panchayat and Urban Local Body level in a matrix format.
· The
plan has a regional approach, which will be beneficial not only for disaster
management but also for development planning.
· It
is designed in such a way that it can be implemented in a scalable manner in
all phases of disaster management.
· It
also identifies major activities such as early warning, information
dissemination, medical care, fuel, transportation, search and rescue,
evacuation, etc. to serve as a checklist for agencies responding to a disaster.
It also provides a generalized framework for recovery and offers flexibility to
assess a situation and build back better.
· To
prepare communities to cope with disasters, NDMP emphasizes on a greater need
for Information, Education and Communication activities.
Q4. List
out the statutory provisions for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction.
Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development and
Disaster Management Plans is an important mandate of the Disaster Management
Act 2005. Already there is an emerging consensus that the key to achieve
sustained reduction in disaster loses lies in factoring risk considerations
into development activities. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Risk sensitive land-use planning, building
regulations with provisions for structural safety against natural hazards,
construction of hazard resistant infrastructures including housing, mechanism
for disaster risk audit, catastrophic risk insurance etc. could reduce future
disaster risks. Mainstreaming disaster management into the development planning
process essentially means looking critically at each activity that is being
planned, not only from the perspective of reducing the disaster vulnerability
of that activity, but also from the perspective of minimizing that activity's
potential contribution to hazard specific vulnerability. In order to mainstream
DRR appropriate policy interventions and adequate financial allocation would be
required. Approaches for mainstreaming: IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 There are three suggested approaches of
mainstreaming disaster management into the development process and disaster
management. There are:
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·
Structural Measures
· Non
Structural Measures
·
Disaster Mitigation Projects Structural measures: In the structural measures to
build in DM concerns one could look at new projects, ongoing projects and
existing structures. All new projects/programmes should be reviewed to see
whether Disaster management concerns have been incorporated. This would entail:
·
Ensuring that all new critical infrastructure projects like power, water,
communication etc., compulsorily comply with the safety standards of disaster
reduction.
·
Strengthening of techno-legal regime like implementation of provisions of BIS
code, Town and Country Planning Act and building byelaws as well as the
national guidelines issued by the NDMA on various disasters.
·
Ensuring that all existing infrastructure establishments are retrofitted from
future disasters, to the extent possible. Ongoing Projects/Programmes will also
need to be audited to ensure that the completed structures such as
infrastructure installations have structural alternatives added on to ensure
resilience, to specific disasters to which the concerned locations are
vulnerable. Existing structures and Projects/Programmes already completed would
have to revisited selectively, say first focusing on lifeline buildings like
district hospitals, multi-storied buildings etc. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The manner of undertaking such
an exercise is dealt with in the NDMA guidelines, especially those relating to
the management of Earthquakes, Cyclones and Floods. Nonstructural measures:
Some of the non-structural measures for mainstreaming DM into development plans
include-
·
Amendment of Building bye laws and master plans for earthquake proofing/ flood
management, etc.
·
Amendment of Land use and zoning regulations
·
Flood plain zoning
·
Strengthening the enforcement mechanisms The national cyclone risk mitigation
project is an example of a national level mitigation project. Other examples
are the proposed National Earthquake mitigation project, Landslide Mitigation
Project and National Flood Mitigation Project. Incorporating Disaster risk
reduction measures into development programmes involving construction of
buildings etc., such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Indira Awas Yojana, Jawaharlal
Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Rajiv Awas Yojana etc. is yet another
approach to reduce risk being created through new projects, and these projects
itself could contribute to reduction of existing risks. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Some other Projects
outside the framework of plan schemes such as projects on Awareness programmes,
Capacity building, Community based DRM projects, upgrading early warning
systems and developing failproof communication networks, micro-zoning, etc.
could also be used. Based on the suggested approaches the specific actions
would involve –
·
Adopting a sectoral approach and identification of Key sectors for
mainstreaming. Within each sector, key programmes/projects would have to be
identified. This has to be followed by identifying the entry points within the
programmes/projects for integration.
· It
would also involve work at the policy and planning level be it national, state
and district level.
· It
would also need a close coordination with the State Planning Commission and
Finance Department for promoting DRR into all development programmes and
involve working with different departments to mainstream DRR into the departmental
Plans and policies.
·
Advocacy would have to be done for allocation of dedicated budget for DRR
within the departmental plans.
·
Further, appropriate guidelines for different sectors would have to be
developed and for it to be effective and sustainable DRR would have to be
ultimately integrated to the development plans of various departments at the
district and sub-district levels.
Q5. Examine
the case study of ‘The Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004.’
On Sunday 26 December 2004, a magnitude 9 earthquake
occurred off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. This
caused the Indian Ocean tsunami that affected 13 countries and killed
approximately 230,000 people. This tsunami was particularly devastating
because:
· The
earthquake which caused the tsunami was magnitude.
· The
epicenter was very close to some densely populated coastal communities,
Indonesia. They had little or no warning. The only sign came just before the
tsunami struck when the waterline suddenly retreated, exposing hundreds of
meters of beach and seabed.
·
There was no Indian Ocean tsunami warning system in place. This could have
saved more people in other countries further away from the epicentre.
· Many
of the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean are LEDCs so they could not
afford to spend much on preparation and prevention.
· In
some coastal areas, mangrove forests had been removed to make way for tourist
developments and therefore there was less natural protection.
·
A very common case study for earthquakes is the
South-East Asian Tsunami of 2004. Other case studies include San Francisco
1989, Kobe 1995 and Haiti 2010.
·
On 26 December 2004 there was a massive and
sudden movement of the Earth’s crust under the Indian Ocean. This earthquake
was recorded at magnitude 9 on the Richter scale and as it happened under the
ocean, caused a devastating sea wave called a tsunami.
·
The epicentre of the earthquake occurred 200
kilometers west of the island of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. The earthquake
itself was caused by the subduction of the Indo-Australian plate under the
Eurasian plate.
·
As the Indian plate (part of the Indo-Australian
plate) moved underneath the Burma plate (part of the Eurasian plate) the
crustal rocks stuck as they moved past one another. At 08:00 local time, the
pressure build-up was too great and the crustal rocks snapped, causing an
earthquake.
·
When this happened the sea floor was pushed
upwards, displacing a huge volume of water and creating the devastating tsunami
waves.
Assignment C
Answer the
following in about 100 words each. Q6. What do you mean by epidemics?
Q7.Discuss the key components of disaster preparedness framework.
You probably know that
COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV2, is a pandemic.
But what’s the difference between a pandemic, an epidemic, and an outbreak? And
when does a disease become a public health concern? Here are the basics of the
spread of serious diseases and what you can do to protect yourself, your
family, and your community. Let’s start with the meanings of each word.An
outbreak is when an illness happens in unexpected high numbers. It may stay in
one area or extend more widely. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 An outbreak can last days or years. Sometimes,
experts consider a single case of a contagious disease to be an outbreak. This
may be true if it’s an unknown disease, if it’s new to a community, or if it’s
been absent from a population for a long time.An epidemic is when an infectious
disease spreads quickly to more people than experts would expect. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 It usually
affects a larger area than an outbreak. A pandemic is a disease outbreak that
spreads across countries or continents. It affects more people and takes more
lives than an epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19
to be a pandemic when it became clear that the illness was severe and that it
was spreading quickly over a wide area.
Q8. Comment
on the concept of social and economic rehabilitation.
The focus of a disaster preparedness plan should be to anticipate, to the extent possible, the types of requirements needed for action or responses to warnings and a disaster relief operation. The plan should also specify the most effective ways of ensuring that such requirements are met. Yet, the process will only be effective if those who are the ultimate beneficiaries know what to do in times of disasters and know what to expect. For this reason, an essential part of a disaster preparedness plan is the education of those who may be threatened by disaster. BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Such education takes many forms, such as: Public education in schools for children and young adults, emphasizing what actions should be taken in case of a disaster threat (for example, earthquake tremors Special training courses, designed for an adult population either specifically or as an extra dimension of on-going programmes such as Preventive Health Care or Maternal and Child Health programmes Extension programmes, in which community and village-based extension workers are instructed to provide relevant information and trained for the tasks they should undertake during the event; Public information, through mass media, be they television, radio or the printed word, will never really replace the impact of direct instruction.
However, if sensitively designed and presented, mass media
may provide a useful supplement to the overall educational process.
Preparedness activities for slow onset disasters often vary from those of
sudden onset. Slow onset disasters may require more active involvement on the
part of planners, especially in terms of monitoring early warning systems, for
famine, war, and civil strife. The remedial response to problems indicated by
the early warning (of potential disasters) is an extension of preparedness. BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Preparedness for sudden onset disasters include the monitoring of the
predictions and warnings of disasters that may occur within a matter of days or
hours. The emergency may develop over a very brief time frame and depend on a
very different set of procedures and resources than the slow onset emergency.
Q9. Write a
note on the types of traditional knowledge.
The economic and social rehabilitation program implemented
by CIOMAL allows people affected by leprosy and their relatives to recover a
financial and social situation. CIOMAL makes available to former patients a
financial aid to start their own business: pig farming, market gardening, a
store or small restaurant, waste recycling. Loans are usually USD 150 to 300
and offer these people a chance to live an independent life, thrive and start a
family. Under this program, a rehabilitation loan contract is formed between
CIOMAL and the patient. Two clauses are essential: the patient must take care
of him/herself – follow CIOMAL’s medical and health advice – and he/she must
reimburse the loan within a reasonable period so the money can be reallocated
to another person. Through regular field visits, CIOMAL staff follows the
progress of beneficiaries and provides them with the appropriate assistance. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 In
addition to this social work, the team also provides psychological support to
help the patient recover their self-confidence and overcome
discrimination-related challenges. These field visits also provide the
opportunity to review the person’s health, identify potential new cases among
their relatives and friends, do prevention work by reminding the community of
the characteristics of the disease.
Q10. List
out the principles of community based disaster management.
Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM) initiates a
process involving sequential stages that can be operationalized to reduce
disaster risk. Processes of CBDM are guided by principles of subsidiarity,
economies of scale, equity, heterogeneity, and public accountability. The different
stages in CBDM are disaster/vulnerability risk assessment, risk reduction
planning, early warning systems, post-disaster relief, and participatory
monitoring and evaluation. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 CBDM by its very nature demands a decentralized
bottomsup approach with intensive, micro interventions at the local Panchayats,
ward or village level with the intention of generating confidence, awareness,
knowledge, partnership, and ownership for planning and rolling out local
disaster management plans encompassing all levels of disaster management
continuum. Equity and inclusion of marginalized segments of the society and
bringing the vulnerable groups to the center stage of planning and
implementation of the CBDM have to be prioritized to make the programme
participatory and inclusive. Disasters affect the entire community. However,
persons with disability, women and children, underprivileged, older persons,
and pregnant women need special attention at the programme implementation
level. Such rights and human dignity based inclusive ethos created by such
programmes will empower communities and display resilience in times of crisis.
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