IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022

 

IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022

IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022, BPAG 171 Solved Assignment 2022, BPAG 171 Assignment 2022, FREE BPAG 171 Assignment, IGNOU Assignments 2022- Gandhi National Open University had recently uploaded the assignments of this session for the year 2022. Students are recommended to download their Assignments from this webpage itself. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 They don’t need to go anywhere else when everything regarding the Assignments are available during this text only.

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BPAG 171

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Programme: BAG/2021/2022

Course Code: BPAG 171

Max. Marks: 100

BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment

Assignment A

Answer the following in about 500 words each.

Q1. Define vulnerability and various factors of causing it.

The characteristics determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards.Vulnerability is the human dimension of disasters and is the result of the range of economic, social, cultural, institutional, political and psychological factors that shape people’s lives and the environment that they live invulnerability can be a challenging concept to understand because it tends to mean different things to different people and because it is often described using a variety of terms including ‘predisposition’, ‘fragility’, ‘weakness’, ‘deficiency’ or ‘lack of capacity’. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Some definitions of vulnerability have included exposure in addition to susceptibility to harm. However, it is now understood that exposure is separate to the ‘susceptibility’ element of vulnerability since it is possible to be exposed, whilst at the same time not susceptible to natural hazards Despite some divergence over the meaning of vulnerability, most experts agree that understanding vulnerability requires more than analysing the direct impacts of a hazard. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Vulnerability also concerns the wider environmental and social conditions that limit people and communities to cope with the impact of hazard. Vulnerability is complex. It has many dimensions, it is driven by factors at different levels, from local to global, and it is dynamic as it alters under the pressure of these driving forces. Furthermore, the complex factors that make people vulnerable are not always immediately obvious

The chain of causes of vulnerability, from the underlying drivers of vulnerability (e.g. socio-economic processes) to the immediate conditions that present themselves (e.g. poor quality housing), can be both long and complex; but by tracking it we can identify the progression of vulnerability that builds pressures on communities. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 These pressures can be released by taking measures to reduce vulnerability at various points along the causal chain. Owing to its different facets, there is no one single method for assessing vulnerability. Ideally, any assessment should adopt a holistic approach to assessing vulnerability. In reality, methods are usually divided into those that consider physical (or built environment) vulnerability and those that consider socio-economic vulnerability.

Physical factors Poor design and construction of buildings, unregulated land use planning, etc. An example on physical factors: IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 UNECE study maps transport infrastructure at high risk due to climate change in Pan-European region and Canada

IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022


Social factors Poverty and inequality, marginalisation, social exclusion and discrimination by gender, social status, disability and age (amongst other factors) psychological factors, etc. An example on social factors: IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Older adults' independence is most significant factor for vulnerability in hot weather

Economic factors The uninsured informal sector, vulnerable rural livelihoods, dependence on single industries, globalisation of business and supply chains, etc. An example on economic factors: Secure food supply chain

Environmental factors Poor environmental management, overconsumption of natural resources, decline of risk regulating ecosystem services, climate change, etc. An example on environmental factors: Severe air pollution can heighten Covid-19 risk in South Asia In addition, vulnerability is determined by historical, political, cultural and institutional and natural resource processes that shape the social and environmental conditions people find themselves existing within. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 These processes produce a range of immediate unsafe conditions such as living in dangerous locations or in poor housing, ill-health, political tensions or a lack of local institutions or preparedness measures. Many of the underlying drivers of vulnerability, including poorly managed urban development, are increasing, and resulting in vulnerability increasing in many countries and regions of the world. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 While evidence suggests that wealthier, well governed countries are able to reduce disaster risks, some countries have exhibited rapid economic growth in the last few decades without a commensurable rate of vulnerability reduction.

Q2. Briefly discuss the relationship between disaster and development.

Disasters and development are closely linked. Disasters can both destroy development initiatives and create development opportunities. Development schemes can both increase and decrease vulnerability.In the traditional approach to disasters, the attitude was that the disasters, especially natural ones, were an act of god and as such were beyond human control; accepting death and damage to property was part of the costs. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 With such an attitude, most development plans were designed without consideration for the effect disasters would have on community plans and vice versa. When a disaster did occur, the response was directed at meeting emergency needs and cleaning up. In the current approach, it has been realized that much more can and need to be done to reduce the severity of hazards and disasters. Disaster reduction and coping with disasters touch many areas of human life and society constituting a core task for sustainable development. Major UN Conferences on Environment and Development (Rio de Janerio, 1992) and on the Reduction of Natural Disasters (Yokohama, 1994) have stressed that natural disasters cannot be attributed solely to natural causes; they are as much a result of incorrect human conduct. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 However, a purely antithetical understanding of the relation between disasters and development may not give the true picture. Before we move any further with the discussion, it may be pertinent to elucidate the meaning of the two terms that will be frequently referred in this text, that is,’ Disasters’ and ‘Development’. ‘Disaster’ can be defined as “any serious disruption in the functioning of the society, caused by a hazard having wide spread human, material, environmental and other losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources.”

On the other hand ‘Development’ is a comprehensive social, economical and political process that aims at the constant improvement of the well being of the population and all individuals. The IDNDR articulates the prime ones as: irresponsible approach to the environment, the proneness of mega cities to grow out of control and population growth (Sinha, 2003). IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Over the past few years, there has been an apparent increase in the number of natural disasters, and with it, increasing losses on account of urbanisation and population growth. Clearly, the perspective on development has been one-dimensional, that is, cognisance has been taken exclusively of the growth aspect, without an eye on sustainability. As a result, the impact of natural disasters is now felt to a greater extent. According to the United Nations, in 2001 alone, natural disasters of medium to high range caused at least 25,000 deaths around the world, which is more than double the previous year and economic losses of around US$ 36 billion.

These figures would be much higher, if the consequences of the many small and unrecorded disasters that cause significant destruction at the local community level were to be taken into account. Some 75 per cent of the world’s population lives in areas affected at least once by earthquake, tropical cyclone, flood or drought between 1980 and 2000. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 A growing body of knowledge on the relationships between disasters and development indicates four basic themes as follows:

· Disasters set back development programming, destroying years of development initiatives.

· Rebuilding after a disaster provides significant opportunities to initiate development programmes.

· Development programmes can increase an area’s susceptibility to disasters.

· Development programmes can be designed to decrease the susceptibility to disasters and their negative consequences.

· Thus, the policy makers cannot ignore the relationship between the disaster and development. Projects are thus being designed to include disaster recovery programmes and with long term development needs in mind. Disasters can significantly impede the effectiveness of development resource allocation.

Assignment B

Answer the following in about 250 words each.

Q3. Write a note on the National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009 and National Disaster Management Plan, 2016.

National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016 is the first-ever national plan prepared in the country for disaster management. With National Disaster Management Plan 2016 India has aligned our National Plan with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, to which India is a signatory.

· National Disaster Management Act, 2005 – Provided the legal basis for disaster management.

· National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) – Coordinates activities of disaster management.

· National Policy on Disaster Management (NPDM), 2009 – Institutional mechanisms.

· National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP), 2016 – Aligned with Sendai Framework

· National Disaster Management Plan aims to make India disaster resilient and significantly reduce the loss of lives and assets.

· National Disaster Management Plan based on the four priority themes of the Sendai Framework namely: BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 understanding disaster risk, improving disaster risk governance, investing in disaster risk reduction (through structural and nonstructural measures) and disaster preparedness, early warning and building back better in the aftermath of a disaster.

· NDMP covers all phases of disaster management: prevention, mitigation, response and recovery.

· NDMP spells out roles and responsibilities of all levels of Government right up to Panchayat and Urban Local Body level in a matrix format.

· It provides for horizontal and vertical integration among all the agencies and departments of the Government.

· The plan also spells out the roles and responsibilities of all levels of Government right up to Panchayat and Urban Local Body level in a matrix format.

· The plan has a regional approach, which will be beneficial not only for disaster management but also for development planning.

· It is designed in such a way that it can be implemented in a scalable manner in all phases of disaster management.

· It also identifies major activities such as early warning, information dissemination, medical care, fuel, transportation, search and rescue, evacuation, etc. to serve as a checklist for agencies responding to a disaster. It also provides a generalized framework for recovery and offers flexibility to assess a situation and build back better.

· To prepare communities to cope with disasters, NDMP emphasizes on a greater need for Information, Education and Communication activities.

Q4. List out the statutory provisions for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction.

Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development and Disaster Management Plans is an important mandate of the Disaster Management Act 2005. Already there is an emerging consensus that the key to achieve sustained reduction in disaster loses lies in factoring risk considerations into development activities. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Risk sensitive land-use planning, building regulations with provisions for structural safety against natural hazards, construction of hazard resistant infrastructures including housing, mechanism for disaster risk audit, catastrophic risk insurance etc. could reduce future disaster risks. Mainstreaming disaster management into the development planning process essentially means looking critically at each activity that is being planned, not only from the perspective of reducing the disaster vulnerability of that activity, but also from the perspective of minimizing that activity's potential contribution to hazard specific vulnerability. In order to mainstream DRR appropriate policy interventions and adequate financial allocation would be required. Approaches for mainstreaming: IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 There are three suggested approaches of mainstreaming disaster management into the development process and disaster management. There are:

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· Structural Measures

· Non Structural Measures

· Disaster Mitigation Projects Structural measures: In the structural measures to build in DM concerns one could look at new projects, ongoing projects and existing structures. All new projects/programmes should be reviewed to see whether Disaster management concerns have been incorporated. This would entail:

· Ensuring that all new critical infrastructure projects like power, water, communication etc., compulsorily comply with the safety standards of disaster reduction.

· Strengthening of techno-legal regime like implementation of provisions of BIS code, Town and Country Planning Act and building byelaws as well as the national guidelines issued by the NDMA on various disasters.

· Ensuring that all existing infrastructure establishments are retrofitted from future disasters, to the extent possible. Ongoing Projects/Programmes will also need to be audited to ensure that the completed structures such as infrastructure installations have structural alternatives added on to ensure resilience, to specific disasters to which the concerned locations are vulnerable. Existing structures and Projects/Programmes already completed would have to revisited selectively, say first focusing on lifeline buildings like district hospitals, multi-storied buildings etc. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The manner of undertaking such an exercise is dealt with in the NDMA guidelines, especially those relating to the management of Earthquakes, Cyclones and Floods. Nonstructural measures: Some of the non-structural measures for mainstreaming DM into development plans include-

· Amendment of Building bye laws and master plans for earthquake proofing/ flood management, etc.

· Amendment of Land use and zoning regulations

· Flood plain zoning

· Strengthening the enforcement mechanisms The national cyclone risk mitigation project is an example of a national level mitigation project. Other examples are the proposed National Earthquake mitigation project, Landslide Mitigation Project and National Flood Mitigation Project. Incorporating Disaster risk reduction measures into development programmes involving construction of buildings etc., such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Indira Awas Yojana, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Rajiv Awas Yojana etc. is yet another approach to reduce risk being created through new projects, and these projects itself could contribute to reduction of existing risks. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Some other Projects outside the framework of plan schemes such as projects on Awareness programmes, Capacity building, Community based DRM projects, upgrading early warning systems and developing failproof communication networks, micro-zoning, etc. could also be used. Based on the suggested approaches the specific actions would involve –

· Adopting a sectoral approach and identification of Key sectors for mainstreaming. Within each sector, key programmes/projects would have to be identified. This has to be followed by identifying the entry points within the programmes/projects for integration.

· It would also involve work at the policy and planning level be it national, state and district level.

· It would also need a close coordination with the State Planning Commission and Finance Department for promoting DRR into all development programmes and involve working with different departments to mainstream DRR into the departmental Plans and policies.

· Advocacy would have to be done for allocation of dedicated budget for DRR within the departmental plans.

· Further, appropriate guidelines for different sectors would have to be developed and for it to be effective and sustainable DRR would have to be ultimately integrated to the development plans of various departments at the district and sub-district levels.

Q5. Examine the case study of ‘The Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2004.’

On Sunday 26 December 2004, a magnitude 9 earthquake occurred off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. This caused the Indian Ocean tsunami that affected 13 countries and killed approximately 230,000 people. This tsunami was particularly devastating because:

· The earthquake which caused the tsunami was magnitude.

· The epicenter was very close to some densely populated coastal communities, Indonesia. They had little or no warning. The only sign came just before the tsunami struck when the waterline suddenly retreated, exposing hundreds of meters of beach and seabed.

· There was no Indian Ocean tsunami warning system in place. This could have saved more people in other countries further away from the epicentre.

· Many of the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean are LEDCs so they could not afford to spend much on preparation and prevention.

· In some coastal areas, mangrove forests had been removed to make way for tourist developments and therefore there was less natural protection.

·         A very common case study for earthquakes is the South-East Asian Tsunami of 2004. Other case studies include San Francisco 1989, Kobe 1995 and Haiti 2010.

·         On 26 December 2004 there was a massive and sudden movement of the Earth’s crust under the Indian Ocean. This earthquake was recorded at magnitude 9 on the Richter scale and as it happened under the ocean, caused a devastating sea wave called a tsunami.

·         The epicentre of the earthquake occurred 200 kilometers west of the island of Sumatra in the Indian Ocean. The earthquake itself was caused by the subduction of the Indo-Australian plate under the Eurasian plate.

·         As the Indian plate (part of the Indo-Australian plate) moved underneath the Burma plate (part of the Eurasian plate) the crustal rocks stuck as they moved past one another. At 08:00 local time, the pressure build-up was too great and the crustal rocks snapped, causing an earthquake.

·       When this happened the sea floor was pushed upwards, displacing a huge volume of water and creating the devastating tsunami waves.

Assignment C

Answer the following in about 100 words each. Q6. What do you mean by epidemics?

Q7.Discuss the key components of disaster preparedness framework.

You probably know that COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV2, is a pandemic. But what’s the difference between a pandemic, an epidemic, and an outbreak? And when does a disease become a public health concern? Here are the basics of the spread of serious diseases and what you can do to protect yourself, your family, and your community. Let’s start with the meanings of each word.An outbreak is when an illness happens in unexpected high numbers. It may stay in one area or extend more widely. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 An outbreak can last days or years. Sometimes, experts consider a single case of a contagious disease to be an outbreak. This may be true if it’s an unknown disease, if it’s new to a community, or if it’s been absent from a population for a long time.An epidemic is when an infectious disease spreads quickly to more people than experts would expect. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 It usually affects a larger area than an outbreak. A pandemic is a disease outbreak that spreads across countries or continents. It affects more people and takes more lives than an epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic when it became clear that the illness was severe and that it was spreading quickly over a wide area.

Q8. Comment on the concept of social and economic rehabilitation.

The focus of a disaster preparedness plan should be to anticipate, to the extent possible, the types of requirements needed for action or responses to warnings and a disaster relief operation. The plan should also specify the most effective ways of ensuring that such requirements are met. Yet, the process will only be effective if those who are the ultimate beneficiaries know what to do in times of disasters and know what to expect. For this reason, an essential part of a disaster preparedness plan is the education of those who may be threatened by disaster. BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Such education takes many forms, such as: Public education in schools for children and young adults, emphasizing what actions should be taken in case of a disaster threat (for example, earthquake tremors Special training courses, designed for an adult population either specifically or as an extra dimension of on-going programmes such as Preventive Health Care or Maternal and Child Health programmes Extension programmes, in which community and village-based extension workers are instructed to provide relevant information and trained for the tasks they should undertake during the event; Public information, through mass media, be they television, radio or the printed word, will never really replace the impact of direct instruction.

However, if sensitively designed and presented, mass media may provide a useful supplement to the overall educational process. Preparedness activities for slow onset disasters often vary from those of sudden onset. Slow onset disasters may require more active involvement on the part of planners, especially in terms of monitoring early warning systems, for famine, war, and civil strife. The remedial response to problems indicated by the early warning (of potential disasters) is an extension of preparedness. BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Preparedness for sudden onset disasters include the monitoring of the predictions and warnings of disasters that may occur within a matter of days or hours. The emergency may develop over a very brief time frame and depend on a very different set of procedures and resources than the slow onset emergency.

Q9. Write a note on the types of traditional knowledge.

The economic and social rehabilitation program implemented by CIOMAL allows people affected by leprosy and their relatives to recover a financial and social situation. CIOMAL makes available to former patients a financial aid to start their own business: pig farming, market gardening, a store or small restaurant, waste recycling. Loans are usually USD 150 to 300 and offer these people a chance to live an independent life, thrive and start a family. Under this program, a rehabilitation loan contract is formed between CIOMAL and the patient. Two clauses are essential: the patient must take care of him/herself – follow CIOMAL’s medical and health advice – and he/she must reimburse the loan within a reasonable period so the money can be reallocated to another person. Through regular field visits, CIOMAL staff follows the progress of beneficiaries and provides them with the appropriate assistance. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 In addition to this social work, the team also provides psychological support to help the patient recover their self-confidence and overcome discrimination-related challenges. These field visits also provide the opportunity to review the person’s health, identify potential new cases among their relatives and friends, do prevention work by reminding the community of the characteristics of the disease.

Q10. List out the principles of community based disaster management.

Community-Based Disaster Management (CBDM) initiates a process involving sequential stages that can be operationalized to reduce disaster risk. Processes of CBDM are guided by principles of subsidiarity, economies of scale, equity, heterogeneity, and public accountability. The different stages in CBDM are disaster/vulnerability risk assessment, risk reduction planning, early warning systems, post-disaster relief, and participatory monitoring and evaluation. IGNOU BPAG 171 Free Solved Assignment 2022 CBDM by its very nature demands a decentralized bottomsup approach with intensive, micro interventions at the local Panchayats, ward or village level with the intention of generating confidence, awareness, knowledge, partnership, and ownership for planning and rolling out local disaster management plans encompassing all levels of disaster management continuum. Equity and inclusion of marginalized segments of the society and bringing the vulnerable groups to the center stage of planning and implementation of the CBDM have to be prioritized to make the programme participatory and inclusive. Disasters affect the entire community. However, persons with disability, women and children, underprivileged, older persons, and pregnant women need special attention at the programme implementation level. Such rights and human dignity based inclusive ethos created by such programmes will empower communities and display resilience in times of crisis.

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