IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022

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BANS 183

TOURISM ANTHROPOLOGY

Programme: BAG/2021/2022

Course Code: BANS 183

Max. Marks: 100

BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment

Assignment – I

Answer the following in about 500 words each.

a. Discuss the role of physical, social and archaeological anthropology in studying tourism.

Human interaction occurring due to tourism is the main element in the many impacts caused by it. This one statement strengthens the link between anthropology and tourism. It is only through anthropology that the systematic methodology can be developed in order to gain first hand or primary information to study the impacts of tourism. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Through anthropological knowledge it becomes easier to study the variety of phenomena in different locations in order to identify common trends in tourism. Secondly, taking the holistic perspective or approach through anthropological studies the ‘native’ or local or resident perception can be juxtaposed on the outsiders/tourists. Such a study also takes into account the social, environmental and economic factors and the link between all three. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Thirdly, a deep analysis on what causes tourism can be studied through anthropology. So any research on tourism cannot be done without systematic and scientific method followed in anthropology. Nash has made several observations about the credibility of tourism as a serious subject for anthropological studies. He suggests that cross cultural encounters and the consequential social transactions provide the key to anthropological understanding of tourism. He also emphasises that in such an encounter one group (the tourists) is at play while the other group (tourism employees) is at work. And therefore, the local residents or the third group may be classified as both active and passive observers (1996).

ANTHROPOLOGY OFTOURISM: ROOTS AND DEVELOPMENT

Before the recognition of anthropology of tourism as a serious field of study many sociologists and anthropologists attempted to explore the elements of this subject. Durkheim has perhaps been the most successful anthropologist to establish the relationship between the individual and the society. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 His works have been applied to tourism by Nelson Graburn. In his book The Elementary Form of Religious Life, Emile Durkheim ({1912}1915) has said that all religious belief must have emanated as a sort of collective representation of society in the form of totemic symbols. Rituals and prayers done at the time of the periodic festivals, are devoted to the totemic spirit. At this time a collective representation of totemic clan members occur when all the clan people come together at one place and pray. Here the feelings Tourism of the people are heightened and a mystic feeling about togetherness arises. BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 It is in these collective ceremonies that man first experienced religious beliefs. In other words, the group is god to the individual, according to Durkheim.

Archaeological Anthropology and Tourism Studies

Archaeological anthropology attempts to trace the origin, growth and development of the culture it the past. It attempts to reconstruct the forms of the past and to trace their growth and development in time. These studies play the role of detectives in uncovering the past be it pre or post history. The archaeologists in most cases reconstruct the culture of the past from the material remains alone. Items like buried utensils, weapons, rubber sheets, stone carvings, figures of baked clay, ruins describe something of ancient culture and to relate it to the environment in which it occurred. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 We can say that archeologists make a major contribution to our knowledge of cultural history and development.

Through many studies archaeologists have decided that cultural evolution has not been equally rapid in different parts of the world. These records by archaeologists give us many clues as to the ways in which cultures change. Even complex factors that give rise to these changes are included in the extensive work. Since archaeological anthropologists mainly deal with excavations to discover artifacts they attempt to build the cultural history of man’s past through physical evidences. Coming down to tourism we have already seen that in modern world people like to take small breaks and during this period many either visit spots with a different culture or visit spots which have historical evidences of the past culture though the prime motive is entertainment especially in complex societies. Authenticity is what people look for today in everything. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 People who are driven towards past cultures look for this very feature of authenticity so one alternative for entertainment and amusement is to exploit and explore tourism related with lost cultures.

Archaeological anthropology does just this. It reconstructs past and tries to keep it as authentic as possible. Reconstruction or revival of ruins of temples, palaces, forts is the prime concern not only to those studying history, archeology, or anthropology but also for lay people who wish to, even though for a short time, experience the slow pace of life and the abundant luxuries of the past.

b. Describe tangible and intangible heritage with suitable examples

‘Tangible Cultural Heritage’ refers to physical artefacts produced, maintained and transmitted intergenerationally in a society. It includes artistic creations, built heritage such as buildings and monuments, and other physical or tangible products of human creativity that are invested with cultural significance in a society. ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage’ indicates ‘the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their Cultural Heritage’ (UNESCO, 2003). BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Examples of intangible heritage are oral traditions, performing arts, local knowledge, and traditional skills. Tangible and intangible heritage require different approaches for preservation and safeguarding, which has been one of the main motivations driving the conception and ratification of the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The Convention stipulates the interdependence between intangible Cultural Heritage, and tangible cultural and natural heritage, and acknowledges the role of intangible Cultural Heritage as a source of cultural diversity and a driver of sustainable development. Recognizing the value of people for the expression and transmission of intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO spearheaded the recognition and promotion of living human treasures, ‘persons who possess to a very high degree the knowledge and skills required for performing or recreating specific elements of the intangible Cultural Heritage’.

Indigenous cultural heritage is the legacy of tangible physical artefacts and intangible aspects of a group or society. These are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Aboriginal peoples’ cultural practices and works including art, designs and objects are often deeply linked to Country, steeped in familial, historical and spiritual stories, and may contain knowledge’s pertinent only to the creator and their community. Indigenous designs and other cultural works should always be viewed in the context of the Country where they were created and the stories relating to them.

Historically, Aboriginal peoples’ tangible heritage has not always been treated as respectfully as we aim to do today. Some cultural works were taken or borrowed indefinitely, others insufficiently paid for, and some stolen as a result of colonial processes. As a result, in museum and gallery collections, at times the artist or creator of the work is unrecorded. Instead, the person who collected it from the maker has their name recorded. When removed from their context important information can be detached from the work or object. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 This is known as intangible heritage. Intangible cultural heritage are the traditions and living expressions inherited from ancestors and passed on to descendants. Intangible heritage includes cultural practices, oral traditions and language, skills, techniques and knowledge including dance, stories, crafts, medicines, designs and even digital heritage. Intangible cultural heritage is commonly defined as not having a physical presence. Removing this important information can be disrespectful to the people to whom the object belongs.

Assignment – II

Answer the following in about 250 words each. (Write Short Notes)

a. What is authenticity in tourism? Explain with suitable examples.      

It has been a bumper year for tourists for the small village of Kidlington in Oxfordshire, England. Those on national, international and social media were left scratching their heads, when an unexpected flood of Chinese tourists descended on the town. Groups of curious travellers could be seen roaming down residential streets, taking pictures with locals and even entering gardens. A survey by the BBC revealed that these tourists were searching for “the true sense” of the UK. It seems that Chinese travel agencies, driven by consumer pressure, have added towns such as Kidlington to the itinerary, in an attempt to give tourists a taste of a traditional English village.

The quest for authenticity

China has become the biggest source of tourism in the world, and a growing number of Chinese tourists have been setting out to experience overseas countries. These travellers are no longer satisfied with superficial tourist activities – instead, they’re searching for an in-depth understanding of their destinations. In other words, they want to experience authentic local lifestyles, customs and culture. Research has shown that Chinese tourists are driven by a desire to see what is “normal” at the destinations they travel to. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 This is one reason why more Chinese tourists are organising and travelling independently as opposed to being solely reliant on a travel agent or prepackaged holidays. Yet this trend is not just specific to Chinese travellers: a 2016 Expedia study found that millennials from all over the world prioritise authenticity in their travel experience. What’s more, they have the power to pursue it – thanks to sites such as Skyscanner and Last Minute, travellers have the means to design a personalised itinerary, according to their interests, while companies such as Airbnb and Home Stay allow them to interact with locals at their destinations.

Disneyfication

Yet it’s still not exactly clear what makes an experience “authentic”. Authenticity is generally associated with something that is genuine, real, or true. This could mean simple, rural or natural experiences, like those offered by travel schemes such as Workaway or World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms. Or it could be embodied in gritty, even difficult experiences – from slum tourism in Rio de Janiero, to homeless tourism in Prague and toxic tourism.

b. Discuss preservation and conservation of heritage sites with suitable examples.

Conserving urban heritage - historical buildings, festivals, art forms, dance, music, sculpture etc. - may seem less of a priority compared to more pressing issues such as infrastrcture development, poverty alleviation or job creation. But, in the long run, effective conservation of heritage resources not only helps in preserving and safegaurding the resources, but also in revitalizing local economies, and in bringing about a sense of identity, pride and belonging to residents. Good heritage conservation strategies require (a) better appreciation of the value of heritage assets (both tangible and intangible), and (b) integration of such strategies within the larger processes of planning and development of a city or urban area.

Heritage preservation and conservation policies –

·         help in building urban identity and pride in its residents.

·         go beyond just resorting and preserving historical assets,

·         lead to well-being and security, through broad community participation and involvement.

·         generate opportunities for job creation and poverty alleviation

·       broadly, and in the long-run, help achieve sustainability goals as well.

Larger developmental aspects of heritage conservation strategies at the city level cover issues such as tourism development, job creation and poverty alleviation. At the community level, priorities change to security and safety (including disaster resilience), community well-being and community participation. BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Heritage aspects at the city level cover issues such as urban planning/zoning, infrastructure/services provision, and transportation management. At the community level, heritage conservation help in creating a "sense of place", urban identity and pride and specific perservation of the comunity. Using the above discussion, a series of eight sections are presented below that outline the justifications and implications of heritage conservation strategies:

· Heritage conservation and urban identity / pride: A good heritage conservation strategy is critical to build a strong urban identity and pride in our cities and towns.

· Heritage conservation is more than history: A good heritage conservation strategy incorporates all aspects of a region's heritage - historical, but also natural and cultural.

· Heritage conservation needs community participation and involvement: A good heritage conservation strategy requires the active participation and involvement of the local community in all aspects of its development and implementation.

· Heritage conservation leads to well-being / human security: A good heritage conservation strategy should also have well-being and human security as some of its eventual goals for the local community.

· Heritage conservation is critical to job creation and poverty alleviation: A good heritage conservation strategy should be linked to the local economy, in order to create jobs and alleviate poverty - particularly in developing countries

· Heritage conservation helps preserve intangible local cultures: A good heritage conservation strategy looks at both tangible and intangible heritage resources in an integrated manner

· Heritage conservation strongly influences sustainability goals: A good heritage conservation strategy inherently takes into account, the long term sustainability goals of the region

· Heritage conservation through localization, contextualization& and customization: A good heritage conservation strategy needs to be localized, contextualized and customized in order for it to succeed and deliver on its goals.

Urban Growth

Cities, particularly in developing countries, have been steadily growing at a high rate, far outstripping population growth rates at the national or regional levels. This growth has also been a result of rural population migrating to urban areas to search for jobs and economic opportunities.

Multi-cultural diversity

Cities therefore simultaneously present both a challenge and an opportunity for their sustainable growth, and for building a good quality of life. Most decision-makers fail to see the people themselves as a resource - as most of them come from different regions and cultures, bringing with them a broad multi- cultural diversity that can add to the 'salad bowl' of a city (and not the 'melting pot' as we always think it is!!)

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Urban anonymity

But without the necessary economic opportunities and jobs sought by urban populations, this has lead to a divided society of have's and have-nots, of skills, finances and access to resources. From a cultural perspective, this situation is manifested by the phenomenon of urban anonymity, of a culturally rich population unable to find ways to express itself.

Need for a 'handle'

Providing opportunities for cultural and heritage expressions in a multi-dimensional society is a critical first step in any sound heritage conservation strategy. This requires a 'handle' - an anchor of sorts - to which people and their talents can revolve around. The inspiration can come in the form of a broader heritage 'platform' (literally and figuratively!) on which people can find opportunities to express their talent - which a city effectively offers

Urban identity

Many cities have reinvented themselves to develop this heritage platform by building and emphasizing their historical roots and cultural assets. Developing and facilitating such a platform gives credence and justification for a city to provide a distinct urban identity to cultural expressions and manifestations.

City pride

The ultimate goal of all of the above actions - one that will ensure success of a heritage conservation strategy - is to develop pride in the residents of the city towards their culture and heritage. This will go a long way in facilitating active community participation in cultural heritage activities.

c. Write about some of the new directions in the anthropology of tourism.

Increasingly anthropologists have moved from the academic side to a more applied side and are bringing out a more nuanced view of tourism, in which it is seen as a strategy that has both positive and negative consequences. The new approach also demonstrates the ways in which anthropologists with their theoretical knowledge and field experience can contribute in neutralising the negative effects of tourism development projects without compromising on the potential of the industry. Various perspectives of the local community members, tourists, travel agents and community planners have been brought out by the applied anthropologists. These new perspectives not only provide a fresh approach but also give momentum to tourism studies and sustainable tourism practices.

Applied anthropologists strongly believe that no applied project can succeed without the participation of the local community. By allowing the local residents to have an important role, anthropologist’s talk of specificities i.e., customised assessments and analysis of local areas. They also help the planners in identifying the specific histories, political and social elements of the local population and are helping in directing the tourism planning and development initiatives towards cultural conservation. Applied anthropologists are acting as consultants to the government agencies and have initiated new forms of alternative tourism where the ecological and cultural integrity is not compromised and economic benefits also flow into the community. Generally defined, alternative tourism includes ‘forms of tourism that are consistent with natural, social and community values and which allow both hosts and guests to enjoy positive and worthwhile interaction and shared experiences’ (Eadington and Smith 1992: 3). This new form of tourism has gained the attention of researchers who are concerned with the agenda of linking conservation and development.

Answer the following questions in about 150 words each.

a. Guest and the Host

Tourism structures the life-style of an individual to provide periods of work and recreation. The linking of leisure and mobility leads to recreation in new contexts. Therefore, different types of tourism gives rise to different forms of interaction between hosts and guests. Let us briefly discuss this interaction in five types of tourism described by Valene L-Smith in his introduction to the book Hosts and Guests.

1. Ethnic Tourism

Often called cultural tourism, but focussing not only on monuments and archaeology but on quaint customs of exotic people like Eskimos, American Indians, Tribal communities, their rituals and ceremonies, primitive art, home life and private and public spheres of activity, etc. These "tourist targets" are often off the "beaten path", discovered for visitors who belong to the elite groups of their societies, and come at high cost. Such tourism, although limited in numbers, involves an intimate contact between hosts and guests. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 In the early stages, the impact is not noticed and therefore considered minimal. However, tourism can become the agent of change, as the very features that stimulated tourism can become less and less authentic as local people are influenced not only by tourist money but also the tourist world view. Every aspect of local life and tradition can be transformed by the tourist gaze. For example, the monastery festivals in Ladakh are no longer held in winter, the off-season of tourism. Because of commercialisation they are now held in summer when the tourists come. The beneficiaries are no longer the people who pay for the festival but the tourists.

2. Cultural Tourism

This includes aspects of "local colour" and the reconstruction of a "vanishing life-style". Activities at the destination include meals in heritage inns and hotels, rolk festivals and fairs, handicrafts, camel and elephant rides, peasant cultures and medieval practices. Here the host-guest impacts are heightened, because rural areas are highly accessible from resort area, and the numbers of such tourists is large. They tend to turn the local residents into objects, photographing people, their homes, their work style, touching them to see if they are real, making a bid for the clothes and ornaments that local people wear, recording their music and decoding their culture. As a consequence, local people get divided on the entry of tourists. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Those who are employed by the travel trade encourage the penetration of tourism into the most private sphere, but others become resentful of the transformation of their cultures.

3. Historical Tourism

Palpce Fort or Temple Museum trails that privilege the past are favoured destinations for guided tour itineraries to recreate the life-style and key events of the period. Such destinations are generally in well developed cities and townships, where the institutionalised tourism industry operates with special facilities for all grades of tourists, who are generally educated. In such situations host-guest contacts are business like and impersonal. Here the infrastructure is well-developed so that hosts and guests do not feel constrained by each other. The resident oriented products are well developed and the pressure of tourist oriented products is not borne by local residents. However, the inflation that results from tourist consumption affects items of daily use, rents, transport and articles of common consumption.

4. Environmental Tourism

This gws hand in hand with ethnic tourism. The tourist elite are atlracted to remote areas and alien scenary like high mountains, tropical forests, etc. Such tourism uses geographic uniqueness as a resource and explores man-land relationships. For example, tea gardens. vineyards, spice plantations, high altitude communities and cultures, etc. In such situations, host-guest contacts vary according to the degree to which such environments are open to outside interference and the degree to which such areas can withstand tourism. BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The interaction between guests and hosts is therefore variable and needs local or independent assessment. In many such unique environments tourists are only glowed day excursions and are kept away from local communities under controlled conditions. This is the case in the Lakshadweep islands where Bangaram, an uninhabited island was selected for tourism development.

5. Recreational Tourism

Guest Host Relationship This includes palm fronted beaches, snow covered ski slopes, lush green golf courses or natural habitats where wild life is viewed in communion with nature at its unspoilt best. In addition to the idyllic nature of holiday locations, sporting activities, good food and accommodation, entertainment including gambling and floor shows, all jorn to ~hc freedom to participate in an "away from it all" morality.

b. Culture and Tourism

Cultural tourism is a type of tourism activity in which the visitor’s essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products in a tourism destination. These attractions/products relate to a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of a society that encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions. Cultural tourism experiences include architectural and archaeological treasures, culinary activities, festivals or events, historic or heritage, sites, monuments and landmarks, museums and exhibitions, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, religious venues, temples and churches. It includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as theatres.

Cultural tourism is important for many reasons. On the one hand, it gives the local population the opportunity to benefit financially from their cultural heritage and thus to appreciate it and thus to preserve it and, on the other hand, it gives the visitor the opportunity to broaden his own personal horizons. Cultural tourism can therefore help to strengthen identities, improve intercultural understanding and preserve the heritage and culture of an area. However, like any form of tourism, cultural tourism also has negative sides. There may be negative effects on local residents, such as making the local economy unstable, increasing the cost of living for local residents, increasing pollution or creating environmental problems. The local economy can also be destabilized due to the rapid change in population size. The local population also comes into contact with new ways of life that can disrupt their social fabric.

c. Ethnography

Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic study of individual cultures. Ethnography explores cultural phenomena from the point of view of the subject of the study. Ethnography is also a type of social research involving the examination of the behaviour of the participants in a given social situation and understanding the group members' own interpretation of such behaviour. As a form of inquiry, ethnography relies heavily on participant observation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people being studied, at least in some marginal role, and seeking to document, in detail, patterns of social interaction and the perspectives of participants, and to understand these in their local contexts. It had its origin in social and cultural anthropology in the early twentieth century, but spread to other social science disciplines, notably sociology, during the course of that century.

d. Commodification of culture in tourism

The dictionary definition of commodification is to make something into an object for commercial use. In terms of tourism, commodification refers to using a place's culture and the cultural artifacts to make a large enough profit to support part of the area's economy (Fiaux). In today's tourism, commodification is prevalent everywhere one looks. Whether the tourist eats at McDonald's in China or buys souvenirs in India, they are participating in commodification. The problem with commodification is that it alters the tourists' abilities to have an authentic experience and introduces a false culture into the indigenous one. McDonald's is an American originated fast-food place and it has been globalized and introduced into the cultures of many countries. This does not allow travelers to experience the native foods because fast-food places like McDonald's are more common in tourist areas than the authentic food restaurants (Fainstein).

e. Sustainable development and tourism

Sustainable tourism development guidelines and management practices are applicable to all forms of tourism in all types of destinations, including mass tourism and the various niche tourism segments. Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability.

Thus, sustainable tourism should:

· Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key element in tourism development, maintaining essential ecological processes and helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity.

· Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance.

· Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed, including stable employment and income-earning opportunities and social services to host communities, and contributing to poverty alleviation.

· Sustainable tourism development requires the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders, as well as strong political leadership to ensure wide participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process and it requires constant monitoring of impacts, introducing the necessary preventive and/or corrective measures whenever necessary.

· Sustainable tourism should also maintain a high level of tourist satisfaction and ensure a meaningful experience to the tourists, raising their awareness about sustainability issues and promoting sustainable tourism practices amongst them.

f. Heritage sites and tourism

Cultural heritage tourism (or just heritage tourism) is a branch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States defines heritage tourism as "traveling to experience the places, artifacts and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past", and "heritage tourism can include cultural, historic and natural resources".

Culture has always been a major part of travel, as the development of the Grand Tour from the 16th century onwards attests. In the 20th century, some people have claimed, culture ceased to be the objective of tourism; tourism is now culture. Cultural attractions play an important role in tourism at all levels, from the global highlights of world culture to attractions that underpin local identities. Culture, heritage and the arts have long contributed to appeal of tourist destination. However, in recent years 'culture' has been rediscovered as an important marketing tool to attract those travellers with special interests in heritage and arts. IGNOU BANS 183 Free Solved Assignment 2022 According to the Hollinshead, cultural heritage tourism defines as cultural heritage tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry because there is a trend toward an increase specialization among tourists. This trend is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archaeology and interaction with local people.

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