BPSC 110

GLOBAL POLITICS

Programme: BAG/2021/2022

Course Code: BPSC 110

Max. Marks: 100

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IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022

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BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment

Assignment - I

Answer the following in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks

1. What is meant by globalization and what are the causes behind it?

Globalization is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information, goods and services spread around the world. In business, the term is used in an economic context to describe integrated economies marked by free trade, the free flow of capital among countries and easy access to foreign resources, including labor markets, to maximize returns and benefit for the common good. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Globalization, or globalisation as it is known in some parts of the world, is driven by the convergence of cultural and economic systems. This convergence promotes -- and in some cases necessitates -- increased interaction, integration and interdependence among nations. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The more countries and regions of the world become intertwined politically, culturally and economically, the more globalized the world becomes.

Improved transport, making global travel easier. For example, there has been a rapid growth in air travel, enabling greater movement of people and goods across the globe. Containerisation. From 1970, there was a rapid adoption of the steel transport container. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 This reduced the costs of inter-modal transport, making trade cheaper and more efficient.

· Improved technology which makes it easier to communicate and share information around the world. E.g. internet. For example, to work on improvements on this website, I will go to a global online community, like elance.com. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 There, people from any country can bid for the right to provide a service. It means that I can often find people to do a job relatively cheaply because labour costs are relatively lower in the Indian sub-continent.

· Growth of multinational companies with a global presence in many different economies.

· Growth of global trading blocks which have reduced national barriers. (e.g. European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN)

· Reduced tariff barriers which encourage global trade. Often this has occurred through the support of the WTO.

· Firms exploiting gains from economies of scale to gain increased specialisation. This is an essential feature of new trade theory.

· Growth of global media.

· Global trade cycle. Economic growth is global in nature. This means countries are increasingly interconnected. (e.g. recession in one country affects global trade and invariably causes an economic downturn in major trading partners.)

· Financial system increasingly global in nature. When US banks suffered losses due to the sub-prime mortgage crisis, it affected all major banks in other countries who had bought financial derivatives from US banks and mortgage companies.

· Improved mobility of capital. In the past few decades, there has been a general reduction in capital barriers, making it easier for capital to flow between different economies. This has increased the ability for firms to receive finance. It has also increased the global interconnectedness of global financial markets.

· Increased mobility of labour. People are more willing to move between different countries in search for work. Global trade remittances now play a large role in transfers from developed countries to developing countries.

· Internet. This enables firms to communicate on a global level, this may overcome managerial diseconomies of scale. The firm may be able to get cheaper supplies by dealing with a wider choice of firms. Consumers are also able to order more goods online E.G. Dell Computers takes orders online and can meet customer specifications.

2. Who is a refugee? Explain how a Refugee is different from Migrant and Diaspora?

A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence are leading causes of refugees fleeing their countries. 68% of those displaced across borders come from just five countries: Syria, Venezuela, Afghanistan, South Sudan and Myanmar.

Diaspora and migration are two words between which a key difference can be identified. First let us define these two words. Diaspora refers to a population that shares a common heritage who is scattered in different parts of the world. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 On the other hand, migration refers to people moving to different areas in search of a settlement. The key difference between Diaspora and migration is that in Diaspora the people maintain a very strong tie to their homeland, their roots, and their origin, unlike in migration. Through examples, let us examine the differences between these two words. Diaspora refers to a population that shares a common heritage who is scattered in different parts of the world. A special feature here is that these people try to keep in touch with their homeland. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 This can specifically be noticed in the 21st century where diasporas maintain political ties with their homeland. When speaking of diasporas, this has existed from the ancient days itself. For example, after the fall of Constantinople, it is believed that the Greeks fled. Another example for Diaspora is the Jews who were expelled from Judea.

According to William Safran, a diaspora can be easily identified based on some characteristics. One of the main characteristics is that the people have a collective memory of their home. In this sense, such a population considers the homeland as the true home. Also, the influence of the homeland is such that the individual’s identity is very much affected by the homeland. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Those who belong to a diaspora can leave the country based on various political, economical and social factors.

At the same time, it is similarly important to recall that international human rights law protects all individuals, regardless of their status. As recognised in the New York Declaration, there can be important overlaps in the challenges and vulnerabilities faced by people who move along the same routes, use the same forms of transport, and are similarly exposed to human rights violations, abuse and xenophobia. Moreover, today, and notwithstanding the gradual expansion of refugee protection, many people are compelled to leave their homes for reasons that do not fall within the refugee definitions, such as the adverse impacts of climate change including slow-onset processes or flight from food insecurity.

Assignment - II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10 marks.

1. Describe and discuss the Non-Proliferation Treaty

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was an agreement signed in 1968 by several of the major nuclear and non-nuclear powers that pledged their cooperation in stemming the spread of nuclear technology.  IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Although the NPT did not ultimately prevent nuclear proliferation, in the context of the Cold War arms race and mounting international concern about the consequences of nuclear war, the treaty was a major success for advocates of arms control because it set a precedent for international cooperation between nuclear and non-nuclear states to prevent proliferation.

U.S. Ambassador Llewellyn E. Thompson, signs nuclear non-proliferation treaty as Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei A. Gromyko watches in Moscow, Russia, on July 1, 1968. (AP Photo)

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After the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963, leaders of both nations hoped that other, more comprehensive agreements on arms control would be forthcoming. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022Given the excessive costs involved in the development and deployment of new and more technologically advanced nuclear weapons, both powers had an interest in negotiating agreements that would help to slow the pace of the arms race and limit competition in strategic weapons development. Four years after the first treaty, the two sides agreed to an Outer Space Treaty that prevented the deployment of nuclear weapons systems as satellites in space. Of far greater import, Soviet and U.S. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 negotiators also reached a settlement on concluding an international non-proliferation treaty.

By the beginning of the 1960s, nuclear weapons technology had the potential to become widespread. The science of exploding and fusing atoms had entered into public literature via academic journals, and nuclear technology was no longer pursued only by governments, but by private companies as well. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Plutonium, the core of nuclear weapons, was becoming easier to obtain and cheaper to process.

2. Define the concept of economic development. Is it true that it led to environmental degradation?

In the economics study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The term has been used frequently in the 20th and 21st centuries, but the concept has existed in the West for far longer. "Modernization", "Westernization", and especially "industrialization" are other terms often used while discussing economic development. Historically, economic development policies focused on industrialization and infrastructure, but since the 1960s, it has increasingly focused on poverty reduction.

Whereas economic development is a policy intervention aiming to improve the well-being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and increases in GDP; economist Amartya Sen describes economic growth as but "one aspect of the process of economic development". Economists primarily focus on the growth aspect and the economy at large, whereas researchers of community economic development concern themselves with socioeconomic development as well.

Environmental degradation has become a “common concern” for humankind over the past few decades. The distinctive nature of the present environmental problems is that they are caused more by anthropogenic than natural phenomena. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Mindless consumerism and economic growth have started to demonstrate pernicious effects on Mother Nature. In spite of this, the pace and desire for economic development have never ceased. It is economics that has dictated environmental policy. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Emphasis has been placed on the role of science and technology as a catalyst for integrating ecology with economics

3. Discuss cultural dimensions of globalisation?

Manfred Steger, professor of Global Studies at the University of Hawaii at Manoa argues that globalization has four main dimensions: economic, political, cultural, ecological, with ideological aspects of each category. David Held's book Global Transformations is organized around the same dimensions, though the ecological is not listed in the title. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 This set of categories relates to the four-domain approach of circles of social life, and Circles of Sustainability. Steger compares the current study of globalization to the ancient Buddhist parable of blind scholars and their first encounter with an elephant. Similar to the blind scholars, some globalization scholars are too focused on compacting globalization into a singular process and clashes over “which aspect of social life constitutes its primary domain” prevail.

Economic globalization

Economic globalization is the intensification and stretching of economic interrelations around the globe. It encompasses such things as the emergence of a new global economic order, the internationalization of trade and finance, the changing power of transnational corporations, and the enhanced role of international economic institutions.

Political globalization

Political globalization is the intensification and expansion of political interrelations around the globe. Aspects of political globalization include the modern-nation state system and its changing place in today's world, the role of global governance, and the direction of our global political systems

Cultural globalization

Cultural globalization is the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. Culture is a very broad concept and has many facets, but in the discussion on globalization, Steger means it to refer to “the symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning.” IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Topics under this heading include discussion about the development of a global culture, or lack thereof, the role of the media in shaping our identities and desires, and the globalization of languages.

Assignment - III

Write a short note on the following in about 100 words each. Each short note carries 6 marks.

1. Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Weapon of mass destruction (WMD), weapon with the capacity to inflict death and destruction on such a massive scale and so indiscriminately that its very presence in the hands of a hostile power can be considered a grievous threat. Modern weapons of mass destruction are either nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons— frequently referred to collectively as NBC weapons. See nuclear weapon, chemical warfare, biological warfare. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The term weapons of mass destruction has been in currency since at least 1937, when it was used to describe massed formations of bomber aircraft. At that time these high-flying battleships of the air seemed to pose an unstoppable threat to civilian centres located far from any war front—as indeed they did during World War II (1939–45), notably in the firebombings of such cities as Hamburg, IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Germany, and Tokyo, Japan, when tens of thousands of civilians died in a single night. With the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, the fearsome power of conventional bombs paled before the spectacle of an entire city centre destroyed and some 66,000 people instantly killed by the blast and heat of a single nuclear weapon.

2. Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the defining authority within an individual consciousness, social construct or territory. Sovereignty entails hierarchy within the state, as well as external autonomy for states. In any state, sovereignty is assigned to the person, body, or institution that has the ultimate authority over other people in order to establish a law or change an existing law. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme legitimate authority over some polity. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 In international law, sovereignty is the exercise of power by a state. De jure sovereignty refers to the legal right to do so; de facto sovereignty refers to the factual ability to do so. This can become an issue of special concern upon the failure of the usual expectation that de jure and de facto sovereignty exist at the place and time of concern, and reside within the same organization.

3. The crisis of the International Liberal Economic Order.

One source of anxiety about the state of the liberal order is the United States’ disengagement from multilateral cooperation, and pursuit of unilateral policies. Such anxieties take for granted the centrality of American power and leadership to effective multilateral cooperation. However, U.S. leadership has arguably never been as critical to the functioning of existing multilateral frameworks as this view assumes. While the U.S. took the lead in crafting major economic pillars of the post-war order (including the Bretton Woods institutions and the GATT), it has been a reluctant sponsor of many others. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 For example, Washington has long been sceptical of intrusive multilateral arms control beyond the nuclear realm, and has declined to sponsor multilateral cooperation to uphold “liberal” values in regard to the displacement of people and freedom of movement. When it comes to cooperation on environmental protection, sustainable development and human rights, global leadership has often rested with countries other than the U.S. In short, U.S. involvement in the global institutional infrastructure has been fractional and conditional for many decades, suggesting that multilateralism, sovereignty and economic liberalism can be upheld without U.S. sponsorship.

4. Non-Traditional Security Threats

Non-traditional security issues are challenges to the survival and well-being of peoples and states that arise primarily out of non-military sources, such as climate change, resources scarcity, infectious diseases, natural disasters, irregular migration, food shortages, people smuggling, drug trafficking and transnational crime. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022  These dangers are often transnational in scope, defying unilateral remedies and requiring comprehensive – political, economic, social – responses, as well as humanitarian use of military force.

Non-traditional security focuses on non-military threats with these common characteristics:

· The threats are transnational in nature with regards to their origins, conceptions and effects.

· They do not stem from competition between states or shifts in the balance of power, but are often defined in political and socioeconomic terms.

· Non-traditional security issues such as resource scarcity and irregular migration cause societal and political instability and hence become threats to security.

· Other threats like climate change are often caused by human-induced disturbances to the fragile balance of nature with dire consequences to both states and societies which are often difficult to reverse or repair.

· National solutions are often inadequate and would thus essentially require regional and multilateral cooperation.

· The referent of security is no longer just the state (state sovereignty or territorial integrity), but also the people (survival, well-being, dignity) both at individual and societal levels.

5. Climate Change

Contemporary climate change includes both global warming and its impacts on Earth's weather patterns. There have been previous periods of climate change, but the current changes are distinctly more rapid and not due to natural causes. Instead, they are caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. Burning fossil fuels for energy use creates most of these emissions. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Agriculture, steelmaking, cement production, and forest loss are additional source. Greenhouse gases are transparent to sunlight, allowing it through to heat the Earth's surface. When the Earth emits that heat as infrared radiation the gases absorb it, trapping the heat near the Earth's surface. As the planet heats up it causes changes like the loss of sunlight-reflecting snow cover, amplifying global warming.

On land, temperatures have risen about twice as fast as the global average. Deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Increased warming in the Arctic has contributed to melting permafrost, glacial retreat and sea ice loss Higher temperatures are also causing more intense storms and other weather extremes. Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Climate change threatens people with food and water scarcity, increased flooding, extreme heat, more disease, and economic loss. Human migration and conflict can be a result. IGNOU BPSC 110 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The World Health Organization (WHO) calls climate change the greatest threat to global health in the 21st century. Even if efforts to minimise future warming are successful, some effects will continue for centuries. These include sea level rise, and warmer, more acidic oceans.

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