BPSC 132
INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Programme: BAG/2021/2022
Course Code: BPSC 132
Max. Marks: 100
IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022, BPSC 132 Solved Assignment 2022, BPSC 132
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BPSC 132 Free Solved
Assignment
Assignment - I
Answer the
following in about 500 words each.
1. Explain
the Parliament’s powers to amend the Constitution of India. 20
The framers of the Constitution were neither in favour of
the traditional theory of federalism, which entrusts the task of constitutional
amendment to a body other than the Legislature, nor did they favour a rigid
special procedure for such amendments. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment
2022 They also never wanted to have a British-style system where Parliament is
supreme. The framers, instead, adopted a combination of the "theory of
fundamental law", which underlies the written Constitution of the United
States with the "theory of parliamentary sovereignty" as existing in
the United Kingdom. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The Constitution
of India vests constituent power upon the Parliament subject to the special
procedure laid down therein.[1] During the discussion in the Constituent
Assembly on this aspect, some members were in favour of adopting an easier mode
of amending procedure for the initial five to ten years. Explaining why it was
necessary to introduce an element of flexibility in the Constitution,
Jawaharlal Nehru observed in the Constituent Assembly on 8 November 1948,
"While we want this Constitution to be as solid and as permanent a
structure as we can make it, nevertheless there is no permanence in
Constitutions. There should be a certain flexibility.
The Supreme Court held that power to reduce the total number
of members of Legislative Assembly below the minimum prescribed under article
170 (1) is implicit in the authority to make laws under article 4. Article 169
empowers Parliament to provide by law for the abolition or creation of the
Legislative Councils in States and specifies that though such law shall contain
such provisions for the amendment of the Constitution as may be necessary, it
shall not be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of
article 368. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The Legislative
Councils Act, 1957, which provided for the creation of a Legislative Council in
Andhra Pradesh and for increasing the strength of the Legislative Councils in
certain other States, is an example of a law passed by Parliament in an
exercise of its powers under article 169. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment
2022 The Fifth Schedule contains provisions as to the administration and
control of the Schedule Areas and Scheduled Tribes. Para 7 of the Schedule
vests Parliament with plenary powers to enact laws amending the Schedule and
lays down that no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of the
Constitution for the purposes of article 368. Under Para 21 of the Sixth
Schedule, Parliament has full power to enact laws amending the Sixth Schedule
which contains provisions for the administration of Tribal Areas in the States
of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. No such law will be deemed to be an
amendment of the Constitution for the purposes of article 368. The second category
includes amendments that can be effected by Parliament by a prescribed ‘special
majority’; and the third category of amendments includes those that require, in
addition to such "special majority", ratification by at least onehalf
of the State Legislatures. The last two categories are governed by article 368.
2. Discuss
the powers and functions of the President of India. 20
The primary duty of the President is to preserve, protect
and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath
(Article 60 of Indian constitution). The President is the common head of all
independent constitutional entities. All his actions, recommendations (Article
3, Article 111, Article 274, etc.) and supervisory powers (Article 74(2), IGNOU
BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Article 78 c, Article 108, Article 111,
etc.) over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in
accordance to uphold the constitution. There is no bar on the actions of the
President to contest in the court of law. The President of India is the Head of
State. The system of government of India is a cabinet form of government. The
Indian President is, therefore, a constitutional head like the King or Queen of
Britain—that is, all executive powers are constitutionally vested in him,
although those are actually exercised and executed by the cabinet. IGNOU BPSC
132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 In India the powers of the Union government are
treated as the powers of the President because these powers are used in his
name in pursuance of the constitutional stipulation under Article 53 which
reads: The executive powers of the Union shall be vested in the President and
shall be exercised by him either directly or through the officers subordinate
to him in accordance with this Constitution.
The president of India (IAST officially the president of the
Republic of India, is the ceremonial head of state of India and the commander-in-chief
of the Indian Armed Forces. Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th and current president. IGNOU
BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The office of president was created when
India became a republic on 26 January 1950, when its constitution came into
force. The president is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising
both houses of the Parliament of India and the legislative assemblies of each
of India's states and territories, who themselves are all directly elected.
Although Article 53 of the Constitution of India states that the president can
exercise his powers directly or by subordinate authority, with few exceptions,
all of the executive powers vested in the president are, in practice, exercised
by the prime minister (a subordinate authority) with the help of the Council of
Ministers. [3] The president is bound by the constitution to act on the advice
of the prime minister and cabinet as long as the advice does not violate the
constitution.
India achieved independence from the British on 15 August
1947, initially as a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI
as king, represented in the country by a governor-general. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free
Solved Assignment 2022 Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of
India, under the leadership of B.R.Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting
a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was
eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950,
making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were
replaced by the new office of President of India, with Rupendra Prasad as its
first incumbent The Indian constitution accords to the president the
responsibility and authority to defend and protect the Constitution of India
and its rule of law. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Invariably, any
action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall
become law only after the president's assent. The president shall not accept
any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional.
Assignment - II
Answer the
following questions in about 250 words each.
3. Explain
the procedure for removing a Judge of the Supreme Court. 10
India has one of the oldest legal systems in the world. Its
law and jurisprudence stretches back into the centuries, forming a living
tradition which has grown and evolved with the lives of its diverse people.
India's commitment to law is created in the Constitution which constituted
India into a Sovereign Democratic Republic, containing a federal system with
Parliamentary form of Government in the Union and the States, an independent
judiciary, guaranteed Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State
Policy containing objectives which though not enforceable in law are
fundamental to the governance of the nation.
On the 28th of January, 1950, two days after India became a
Sovereign Democratic Republic, the Supreme Court came into being. IGNOU BPSC
132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The inauguration took place in the Chamber of
Princes in the Parliament building which also housed India's Parliament,
consisting of the Council of States and the House of the People. It was here,
in this Chamber of Princes, which the Federal Court of India had sat for 12
years between 1937 and 1950. This was to be the home of the Supreme Court for
years that were to follow until the Supreme Court acquired its own present
premises. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The inaugural proceedings
were simple but impressive. They began at 9.45 a.m. when the Judges of the
Federal Court - Chief Justice Harilal J.Kania and Justices Sayyad Fazl Ali, M.
Patanjali Sastri, Mehr Chand Mahajan, Bijan Kumar Mukherjea and S.R.Das - took
their seats. In attendance were the Chief Justices of the High Courts of
Allahabad, Bombay, Madras, Orissa, Assam, Nagpur, Punjab, Saurashtra, Patiala
and the East Punjab States Union, Mysore, Hyderabad, Madhya Bharat and
Travancore-Cochin. Along with the Attorney General for India, M.C. Setalvad
were present the Advocate Generals of Bombay, Madras, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
East Punjab, Orissa, Mysore, Hyderabad and Madhya Bharat. Present too, were
Prime Minister, other Ministers, Ambassadors and diplomatic representatives of
foreign States, a large number of Senior and other Advocates of the Court and
other distinguished visitors. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Taking
care to ensure that the Rules of the Supreme Court were published and the names
of all the Advocates and agents of the Federal Court were brought on the rolls
of the Supreme Court, the inaugural proceedings were over and put under part of
the record of the Supreme Court. After its inauguration on January 28, 1950,
the Supreme Court commenced its sittings in a part of the Parliament House. IGNOU
BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The Court moved into the present building
in 1958. The building is shaped to project the image of scales of justice. The
Central Wing of the building is the Centre Beam of the Scales. In 1979, two New
Wings - the East Wing and the West Wing - were added to the complex. In all
there are 15 Court Rooms in the various wings of the building. The Chief
Justice's Court is the largest of the Courts located in the Centre of the
Central Wing.
The original Constitution of 1950 envisaged a Supreme Court
with a Chief Justice and 7 puisne Judges - leaving it to Parliament to increase
this number. In the early years, all the Judges of the Supreme Court sat together
to hear the cases presented before them. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment
2022 As the work of the Court increased and arrears of cases began to cumulate,
Parliament increased the number of Judges from 8 in 1950 to 11 in 1956, 14 in
1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986 and 31 in 2008 (current strength). As the number
of the Judges has increased, they sit in smaller Benches of two and three -
coming together in larger Benches of 5 and more only when required to do so or
to settle a difference of opinion or controversy. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved
Assignment 2022 The Supreme Court of India comprises the Chief Justice and not
more than 30 other Judges appointed by the President of India. Supreme Court
Judges retire upon attaining the age of 65 years. In order to be appointed as a
Judge of the Supreme Court, a person must be a citizen of India and must have
been, for atleast five years, a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such
Courts in succession, or an Advocate of a High Court or of two or more such
Courts in succession for at least 10 years or he must be, in the opinion of the
President, a distinguished jurist. Provisions exist for the appointment of a
Judge of a High Court as an Ad-hoc Judge of the Supreme Court and for retired
Judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts to sit and act as Judges of that
Court.
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4. Explain
the powers and functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha. 10
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house,
and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and
decorum in the house and can punish a member for unruly behavior with respect
to law after suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of
motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of
adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules.
The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the
meeting. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The date of election of the
Speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by
members of the House are addressed to the Speaker. The Speaker also presides
over the joint sitting of both houses of the Parliament of India. The counterpart
of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is its Chairperson;
the Vice-President of India is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
On the order of precedence, the Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks sixth, along with
the Chief Justice of India. The Speaker is answerable to the House. Both the
Speaker and Deputy Speaker may be removed by a resolution passed by the
majority of the members. Lok Sabha Speaker can be elected by President on a
nomination basis. All bill passed requires his or her signature to go to the
Rajya Sabha for its consideration. He/ She is the highest official of the Lok
Sabha. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The Speaker also has a
casting vote in the event of a tie. It is customary for the Presiding Officer
to exercise the casting vote in such a manner as to maintain the status.
The Speaker holds office from the day of his election until
before the first meeting of Lok Sabha following the dissolution of his
constituency. She is eligible for reelection. In the dissolution of Lok Sabha,
although the Speaker ceases to be a member of the House, he does not leave his
Office. In the Lok Sabha Chamber, the Speaker of the Speaker is appointed
separately and, in his seat, he receives the governing opinion of the whole
House. According to the relevant procedure, he is guided by the provisions of
the Constitution and the Code of Business Conduct in Lok Sabha. IGNOU BPSC 132
Free Solved Assignment 2022 The powers and functions of the Speaker are as
follows:
(a) Power to regulate proceedings of the House: He adjourns
the House or adjourns a meeting in the absence of a quorum. He presides over
the joint sitting of both houses of Parliament. He or she may allow a private
house at the request of the Leader of the House.
(b) Disciplinary Functions: Maintains order and decoration
in the home by doing business and controlling the process.
(c) Administrative Functions: You have the power to
administer the Lok Sabha Secretariat. Appoints the staff of the Secretariat,
determines the rules of their business and directs their work. He is
responsible for keeping records of the proceedings of the House.
5. Analyse
the limitations of the Trade Union Movement in India. 10
Trade unions in India are mostly having political
affiliations. Political affiliations have led to rivalries among the unions
which ultimately jeopardies the interest of the workers in general.
Accordingly, sometimes policies and actions of some major trade unions have
been finalised with non-union considerations.
Assignment - III
Answer the
following questions in about 100 words each.
6. Explain
the concept of Collective Responsibility. 6
As the business practices known as corporate social
responsibility (CSR) and sustainability mature and converge with the
responsibilities of governments and citizens, the term "collective
responsibility" is beginning to be more widely used.
Collective responsibility is widely applied in corporations,
where the entire workforce is held responsible for failure to achieve corporate
targets (for example, profit targets), irrespective of the performance of
individuals or teams which may have achieved or overachieved within their area IGNOU
BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022. Collective, even including measures that
actually further harm the prospect of achieving targets, is applied as a
measure to 'teach' the workforce.
In culture
The concept of collective responsibility is present in
literature, most notably in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "The Rime of the
Ancient Mariner", a poem telling the tale of a ship's crew who died of
thirst after they approved of one crew member's killing of an albatross. 1959's
Ben-Hur and 1983's prison crime drama Bad Boys depict collective responsibility
and punishment. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The play 'An
Inspector Calls' by J.B Priestley also features the theme of collective
responsibility throughout the investigation process.
jews recognize two kinds of sin, offenses against other
people, and offenses against God. Offenses against God may be understood as a
violation of a contract (the covenant between God and the Children of Israel).
Ezra, a priest and scribe, headed a large body of exiles. On his return to
Jerusalem to teach the laws of God he discovered that Jews have been marrying
non-Jews. He tore his garments in despair and confessed the sins of Israel
before God, before going on to purify the community The Book of Jeremiah
(Yirmiyahu [ירמיהו ([can be
organized into five sub-sections. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022
One part, Jeremiah 2-24, displays scorn for the sins of Israel. The poem in
2:1–3:5 shows the evidence of a broken covenant against Israel This concept is
found in the Old Testament (or Tanakh), some examples include the account of
the Flood, the Tower of Babel, Sodom and Gomorrah and in some interpretations,
the Book of Joshua's Achan. In those records entire communities were punished
for the acts of the vast majority of their members, however it is impossible to
state that there were no innocent people, or children too young to be
responsible for their deeds, on whom it was inflicted as well. The practice of
blaming the Jews for Jesus' death is the longest example of collective
responsibility. In this case, the blame was cast not only on the Jews of the
time but upon successive generations. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment
2022 This comes from Matthew 27:25-66 New International Version (NIV) 25:
"All the people answered, 'His blood is on us and on our children
7. Explain
the concept of Judicial Review. 6
Judicial review is a process under which executive or
legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. A court with
authority for judicial review may invalidate amendments, laws, acts and
governmental actions that are incompatible with a higher authority: in India's
case an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful or a statute
may be invalidated for violating the terms of the Constitution of India.
Judicial review is one of the checks and balances in the separation of powers:
the power of the judiciary to supervise the legislative and executive branches
when the latter exceed their authority. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment
2022 The doctrine varies between jurisdictions, so the procedure and scope of
judicial review may differ between countries. In India, judicial review is done
by the Constitutional Courts, namely the Supreme Court of India as well the 25
High Courts of India. The courts invalidate laws, acts and governmental
(executive) actions which violate Constitutional provisons and even Constitutional
amendments if they violate the basic strcutre of the Indian Constitution.
judicial review, power of the courts of a country to examine
the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative arms of the
government and to determine whether such actions are consistent with the
constitution. Actions judged inconsistent are declared unconstitutional and,
therefore, null and void. The institution of judicial review in this sense
depends upon the existence of a written constitution.
8. What is
the relationship between Gender and Development? 6
The Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the
socially constructed differences between men and women, the need to challenge
existing gender roles and relations,and the creation and effects of class
differences on development This approach was majorly influenced by the writings
of academic scholars such as Oakley (1972) and Rubin (1975), who argue the
social relationship between men and women have systematically subordinated
women,along with economist scholars Lourdes BenerÃa and Amartya Sen (1981), who
assess the impact of colonialism on development and gender inequality. They
state that colonialism imposed more than a 'value system' upon developing
nations, it introduced a system of economics 'designed to promote capital
accumulation which caused class differentiation'. GAD departs from WID, which
discussed women's subordination and lack of inclusion in discussions of
international development without examining broader systems of gender relations
Influenced by this work, by the late 1970s, some practitioners working in the
development field questioned focusing on women in isolation GAD challenged the
WID focus on women as an important ‘target group and ‘untapped resources’ for
development. GAD marked a shift in thinking about the need to understand how women
and men are socially constructed and how ‘those constructions are powerfully
reinforced by the social activities that both define and are defined by them. IGNOU
BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 GAD focuses primarily on the gendered
division of labor and gender as a relation of power embedded in institutions.
Consequently, two major frameworks, ‘Gender roles’ and ‘social relations
analysis’, are used in this approach Gender roles' focuses on the social
construction of identities within the household; it also reveals the
expectations from ‘maleness and femaleness in their relative access to
resources. 'Social relations analysis' exposes the social dimensions of
hierarchical power relations embedded in social institutions, as well as its
determining influence on ‘the relative position of men and women in societyThis
relative positioning tends to discriminate against women .
Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically
with women, but with the way in which a society assigns roles, responsibilities
and expectations to both women and men. GAD applies gender analysis to uncover
the ways in which men and women work together, presenting results in neutral
terms of economics and efficiency In an attempt to create gender equality
(denoting women having the same opportunities as men, including ability to
participate in the public sphere),GAD policies aim to redefine traditional
gender role expectations. Women are expected to fulfill household management
tasks, home-based production as well as bearing and raising children and caring
for family members. The role of a wife is largely interpreted as 'the
responsibilities of motherhood. Men, however, are expected to be breadwinners,
associated with paid work and market production. In the labor market, women
tend to earn less than men. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 For
instance, 'a study by the Equality and Human Rights Commission found massive
pay inequities in some United Kingdom's top finance companies, women received
around 80 percent less performance-related pay than their male colleagues.In
response to pervasive gender inequalities, Beijing Platform for Action
established gender mainstreaming in 1995 as a strategy across all policy areas
at all levels of governance for achieving gender equality.
9. What is
Question Hour in Parliamentary procedure. 6
Generally, the first hour of a sitting of Lok Sabha is
devoted to the Questions and this hour is called the Question Hour. It has a
special significance in the proceedings of the Parliament. Asking of questions
is an inherent and unfettered parliamentary right of members. It is during the
Question Hour that the members can ask questions on every aspect of
administration and Governmental activity. Government policies in national as
well as international spheres come into sharp focus as the members try to
elicit pertinent information during the Question Hour.
The Government is, as it were, put on its trial during the
Question Hour and every Minister whose turn it is to answer questions has to
stand up and answer for his or his administration's acts of omission and
commission. IGNOU BPSC 132 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Through the Question
Hour the Government is able to quickly feel the pulse of the nation and adapt
its policies and actions accordingly. It is through questions in the Parliament
that the Government remains in touch with the people in as much as members are
enabled thereby to ventilate the grievances of the public in matters concerning
the administration. Questions enable Ministries to gauge the popular reaction
to their policy and administration. Questions bring to the notice of the
Ministers many loopholes which otherwise would have gone unnoticed. Sometimes questions
may lead to the appointment of a Commission, a Court of Enquiry or even
Legislation when matters raised by Members are grave enough to agitate the
public mind and are of wide public importance.
10.
Distinguish between Caste and Class.
Difference between Caste and Class is explained here in
detail. A caste is a form of social stratification determined by one single
factor i.e. ritualistic legitimation of authority. Class of a person is based
on multiple factors like economic status, education, power, achievements etc.
Candidates interested in pursuing a career in Indian Civil Services can visit
the given link for details on dates, structure and other important information
related to IAS Exam.
Caste
·
Castes are perceived as hereditary groups with a
fixed ritual status according to Max Weber’s phraseology
·
A person belonging to certain caste has to
follow certain traditions, rituals and customs
·
According to Anthropologist Louis Dumont and
Social Anthropologist Edmund Leach, caste is unique to the Indian sub-continent
·
Inter caste marriage leads to disputes between
family members and members of different castes.
·
The caste system does not promote democracy,
since it severely limits equal opportunity to rise from an individual’s station
Class
·
A person’s Class is based on social status,
wealth and power acquired, level of education and other achievements.
·
A person belonging to a certain class is not
bound by customs, rituals or traditions.
·
Classes are usually found in highly
industrialized countries located in Europe, North America.
·
If there is a marriage between two people
belonging to different classes, it does not evoke any kind of disputes between
members of different Class.
·
Class system does not necessarily act as a
hindrance to democracy, since classification is based on education, social
status, and the work one does.
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