BPSC 133

COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

Programme: BAG/2021/2022

Course Code: BPSC 133

Max. Marks: 100

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IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022

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BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment

Assignment – I

Answer the following in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks.

1. Define comparative politics. Explain the different approaches in the study of comparative politics.

Comparative Politics

Comparative politics is the comparative study of other countries, citizens, different political units either in whole or in part, and analyzes the similarities and differences between those political units. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Comparative politics also entails the political study of nonUS political thought. Here are a few tips when choosing resources for comparative political research: Use a subject encyclopedia to research major comparative political theories and concepts. Use country profiles to locate basic information, facts and statistics about individual countries.

Search for research articles in a general article database such as EBSCO Discovery. Use a subject database such as PAIS to locate politics specific articles. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Comparative politics is a field in political science characterized either by the use of the comparative method or other empirical methods to explore politics both within and between countries. Substantively, this can include questions relating to political institutions, political behavior, conflict, and the causes and consequences of economic development. When applied to specific fields of study, comparative politics may be referred to by other names, such as comparative government (the comparative study of forms of government).

Comparative politics is the systematic study and comparison of the diverse political systems in the world. It is comparative in searching to explain why different political systems have similarities or differences and how developmental changes came to be between them. It is systematic in that it looks for trends, patterns, and regularities among these political systems. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The research field takes into account political systems throughout the globe, focusing on themes such as democratization, globalization, and integration.[1] New theories and approaches have been used in political science in the last 40 years thanks to comparative politics. Some of these focus on political culture, dependency theory, develop mentalism, corporatism, indigenous theories of change, comparative political economy, state-society relations, and new institutionalism.[1] Some examples of comparative politics are studying the differences between presidential and parliamentary systems, democracies and dictatorships, parliamentary systems in different countries, multi-party systems such as Canada and two-party systems such as the United States. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Comparative politics must be conducted at a specific point in time, usually the present. A researcher cannot compare systems from different periods of time; it must be static.

IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022

While historically the discipline explored broad questions in political science through between-country comparisons, contemporary comparative political science primarily uses subnational comparisons More recently, there has been a significant increase in the interest of subnational comparisons and the benefit it has on comparative politics. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 We would know far less about major credible issues within political science if it weren't for subnational research. Subnational research contributes important methodological, theoretical, and substantive ideas to the study of politics Important developments often obscured by a national-level focus are easier to decipher through subnational research. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 An example could be regions inside countries where the presence of state institutions have been reduced in effect or value.

The name comparative politics refers to the discipline's historical association with the comparative method, described in detail below. Arend Lijphart argues that comparative politics does not have a substantive focus in itself, but rather a methodological one: it focuses on "the how but does not specify the what of the analysis."[4] Peter Mair and Richard Rose advance a slightly different definition, arguing that comparative politics is defined by a combination of a substantive focus on the study of countries' political systems and a method of identifying and explaining similarities and differences between these countries using common concepts Sometimes, especially in the United States, the term "comparative politics" is used to refer to "the politics of foreign countries." This usage of the term is disputed.

Comparative politics is significant because it helps people understand the nature and working of political frameworks around the world. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 There are many types of political systems worldwide according to the authentic, social, ethnic, racial, and social history. Indeed, even comparative constructions of political association shift starting with one country then onto the next. For instance, India and the United States are majority-rule nations; nonetheless, the U.S. has a liberal vote-based presidential system contrasted with the parliamentary system used in India. Even the political decision measure is more diverse in the United States when found in light of the Indian popular government. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The United States has a president as their leader, while India has a prime minister. Relative legislative issues encourage us to comprehend these central contracts and how the two nations are altogether different regardless of being majority rule. This field of study is critical for the fields of international relations and conflict resolution. Near politics encourages international relations to clarify worldwide legislative issues and the present winning conditions worldwide. Although both are subfields of political science, comparative politics examines the causes of international strategy and the effect of worldwide approaches and frameworks on homegrown political conduct and working.

2. Describe the nature and characteristics of the state in the developing world.

A developing country is a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries However this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. The term low and middle-income country (LMIC) is often used interchangeably but refers only to the economy of the countries. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The World Bank classifies the world's economies into four groups, based on Gross National Income per capita: high, upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income countries. Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and Small Island developing states are all subgroupings of developing countries. Countries on the other end of the spectrum are usually referred to as high-income countries or developed countries.

There are controversies over this term's use which some feel perpetuates an outdated concept of "us" and "them" In 2015 the World Bank declared that the "developing/developed world categorization" is becoming less relevant and that they will phase out the use of that descriptor. Instead their reports will present data aggregations for regions and income groups. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The term "Global South" is used by some as an alternative term to developing countries.

Developing countries tend to have some characteristics in common often due to their histories or geographies. For example with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty high levels of pollution (e.g. air pollution, indoor air pollution, water pollution) high proportion of people with tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases) a high number of road traffic accidents and generally poor infrastructure. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Often there is also widespread poverty high crime rates low education levels, inadequate access to family planning services, many informal settlements, corruption at all government levels and political instability. Global warming (climate change) is expected to impact developing countries more than wealthier countries as most of them have a high "climate vulnerability"

Development aid or development cooperation is financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support developing countries' economic, environmental social, and political development. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations were set up to overcome many of these problems.

Development can be measured by economic or human factors. Developing countries are in general countries that have not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to their populations and have in most cases a medium to low standard of living. There is an association between low income and high population growth. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The development of a country is measured with statistical indices such as income per capita (per person) gross domestic product per capita life expectancy the rate of literacy, freedom index and others. The UN has developed the Human Development Index (HDI) a compound indicator of some of the above statistics, to gauge the level of human development for countries where data is available. The UN had set Millennium Development Goals from a blueprint developed by all of the world's countries and leading development institutions in order to evaluate growth. These goals ended in 2015 to be superseded by the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Assignment - II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each. Each question carries 10- marks.

3. Compare and contrast political parties and pressure groups.

A political party may refer to a voluntary organised group of dedicated individuals with similar political ideology. They nominate the candidate, contest elections and win power over the government. It is commonly juxtaposed with pressure groups which imply a collection of like-minded people, who come together to promote and defend a common objective, by continuously striving to influence the decision of the government.

Both political party and pressure groups are a structured group of people, which are directly or indirectly related to the political system of a country. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 However, they are different in the sense that pressure groups are confined to a particular domain, i.e. workers pressure group are open to workers only. On the other side, a political party has no such limitation, and so any person can join, the party of their choice Read out this article to get an insight of the difference between pressure group and political party.

4. Examine the role of pressure groups in modern political systems.

One might think that casting a vote might make them a responsible citizen. However, this is only partly true because healthy democracies rely on voters who regularly question their government and express views on its policies or become involved in pressure groups or political parties. Pressure groups and political parties are co-dependent for achieving their goals. Pressure groups consider the parties to be an important method of gaining access to those in power and political parties need the support of groups of people who share one or more interests and influence each other to get elected and maintain themselves in power. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The nature of the federal system fosters a chain of a continuous relationship between the two bodies. The Role of Pressure Groups Many Queenslanders are members of interest groups: as participants in a church society; school association; conservation group; trade union or business organization. Interest groups, acting as pressure groups, have become increasingly important as a means by which individuals can attempt to influence governments regarding their particular requirements. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Although individuals within a representative democracy possess rights, allowing them to lobby parliamentarians and governments concerning pertinent issues, a collective approach can often exert more powerful pressure on decisionmakers, as well as consolidating a range of similar ideas and opinions into a cohesive format. There are difficulties in defining the many types of pressure groups. For example, political parties are sometimes included. However, a common definition excludes political parties, concentrating on those groups wishing to influence government policies and activities, whilst remaining apart from government. There are two types of pressure groups:

Pressure Groups

In your daily life, you might have come across news like “RSS’s statement on Tablighi Jamaat” or “FICCI’s call for government support in the Aviation industry”. Maybe, you would have wondered like me about what these associations actually are, what they are trying to do, why the media is covering them, etc.! So, these associations which have a group of people with a common interest that try to secure their interests by influencing the formulation and working of public policies can be understood as examples of Pressure Groups. Pressure Groups always have people with the same ideology. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Pressure Groups are also known as Interest Groups.

The term ‘Pressure Groups’ originated in the USA which means a group of people who are organized actively for promoting and defending their own interest. Their activism influences public policy. In India, the pressure groups have been active even during the colonial period. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The All India Trade Union Congress was the first pressure group of India.

5. Briefly describe the core features of a federal form of government.

The Indian federal system of today has many such characteristics which are essential for a federal polity.

The Core federal features of the Indian Constitution are as follows:

1. Written Constitution:

The Indian Constitution is a written document containing 395 Articles and 12 schedules, and therefore, fulfils this basic requirement of a federal government. In fact, the Indian Constitution is the most elaborate Constitution of the world.

2. Supremacy of the Constitution:

India’s Constitution is also supreme and not the hand-made of either the Centre or of the States. If for any reason any organ of the State dares to violate any provision of the Constitution, the courts of laws are there to ensure that dignity of the Constitution is upheld at all costs.

3. Rigid Constitution:

The Indian Constitution is largely a rigid Constitution. All the provisions of the Constitution concerning Union-State relations can be amended only by the joint actions of the State Legislatures and the Union Parliament. Such provisions can be amended only if the amendment is passed by a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting in the Parliament (which must also constitute the absolute majority of the total membership) and ratified by at least one-half of the States.

4. Division of Powers:

In a federation, there should be clear division of powers so that the units and the centre are required to enact and legislate within their sphere of activity and none violates its limits and tries to encroach upon the functions of others. This requisite is evident in the Indian Constitution.

5. Independent Judiciary:

In India, the Constitution has provided for a Supreme Court and every effort has been made to see that the judiciary in India is independent and supreme. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The Supreme Court of India can declare a law as unconstitutional or ultra Vires, if it contravenes any provisions of the Constitution. In order to ensure the impartiality of the judiciary, our judges are not removable by the Executive and their salaries cannot be curtailed by Parliament.

Assignment - III

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each. Each question carries six marks.

6. What are the characteristics of authoritarian regimes.

Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic in nature and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. In an influential 1964 work the political scientist Juan Linz defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities:

Minimally defined, an authoritarian government lacks free and competitive direct elections to legislaturesfree and competitive direct or indirect elections for executives or both. Broadly defined, authoritarian states include countries that lack civil liberties such as freedom of religion, or countries in which the government and the opposition do not alternate in power at least once following free elections. Authoritarian states might contain nominally democratic institutions such as political parties, legislatures and elections which are managed to entrench authoritarian rule and can feature fraudulent, non-competitive elections. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Since 1946, the share of authoritarian states in the international political system increased until the mid-1970s, but declined from then until the year 2000.

7. What are the reasons for the intervention of the military in politics?

He army in civilized countries are not eager to rule or overthrown existing democratic government, but in Africa, Asia and Latin America, they are greatly involved in politics. The Nigeria military has ruled Nigeria for twenty years out of the thirty years after independence. Some of the ways to prevent military intervention in Nigeria politics are: IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Through mass mobilization of the people through political socialization and ideological orientation. Ideological and political education of all ranks and files on the proper roles of the army in Nigeria. Extra military functions for the army such as involvement in road constructions and researches. In countries like USA, USSR, the armies are involved in heavy engineering works especially in road building and development of modern computer technologies. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Good government by the politicians. The politicians are expected to show high level of commitment and accountability in their leadership to the people. Electoral malpractices, rigging and corruption should be totally eradicated oreduced to the lowest level.

The politicians should stop encouraging the armed forces to intervene in politics when they fail election. Some of the intervention by the military where done by soldiers to help their friends who failed election. Diarchy: this is the type of government in which the soldiers and civilians share power in a state. If the armies are involved in certain arm of the government, coup attempt should be reduced. IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Promotion in the military should not be politicized as was the case before 1966 when some army officers aligned themselves to the political parties and leaders. Strengthening of the police with sophisticated equipment will help the police and army intelligence to report coup attempt.

8. Explain the three meanings of the term civil society.

Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the sphere. By other authors, civil society is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government. Sometimes the term civil society is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc., that make up a democratic society") Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a normative concept of civic values.

9. What are the core features of a federal polity?

Written Constitution

2. Supremacy of the Constitution: India’s Constitution is also supreme and not the hand-made of either the Centre or of the States. If for any reason any organ of the State dares to violate any provision of the Constitution, the courts of laws are there to ensure that dignity of the Constitution is upheld at all costs.

3. Rigid Constitution: The Indian Constitution is largely a rigid Constitution. All the provisions of the Constitution concerning Union-State relations can be amended only by the joint actions of the State Legislatures and the Union Parliament.

4. Division of Powers: In a federation, there should be clear division of powers so that the units and the centre are required to enact and legislate within their sphere of activity and none violates its limits and tries to encroach upon the functions of others. This requisite is evident in the Indian Constitution.

6. Bicameral Legislature: A bicameral system is considered essential in a federation because it is in the Upper House alone that the units can be given equal representation. The Constitution of India also provides for a bicameral Legislature at the Centre consisting of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

7. Dual Government Polity: In a federal State, there are two governments—the national or federal government and the government of each component unit. But in a unitary State there is only one government, namely the national government. So, India, as a federal system, has a Central and State Government.

10. What are the core assumptions of neoliberalism?

Neoliberalism, ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition. Although there is considerable debate as to the defining features of neoliberal thought and practice, it is most commonly associated with laissez-faire economics. In particular, neoliberalism is often characterized in terms of its belief in sustained economic growth as the means to achieve human progress, its confidence in free markets as the most-efficient allocation of resources, its emphasis on minimal state intervention in economic and social affairs, and its commitment to the freedom of trade and capital. In this section, we present our assumptions about human beings. These are basic ideas that we believe to be true about human nature and our relationships to the world. It is important to be aware of one’s core assumptions, because what we believe to be true shapes what we see. Our beliefs form the prism through which we see ourselves and others in the world.

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IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022

IGNOU BPSC 133 Free Solved Assignment 2022

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