BSOC 102
SOCIOLOGY OF INDIA- I
Programme: BAG/2021/2022
Course Code: BSOC 102
Max. Marks: 100
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BSOC 102 Free Solved
Assignment
Assignment A
Answer the
following in about 500 words each.
1. Do you
think the Orientalists and Indologists played a crucial role in the emergence
and growth of sociology ? 20
Indology or Indian studies is the academic study of the
history and cultures, languages, and literature of India and as such is a
subset of Asian studies. [1] The term Indology (in German, Indologie) is often
associated with German scholarship, and is used more commonly in departmental
titles in German and continental European universities than in the anglophone
academy. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 In the Netherlands the term Indologie was used to designate the study
of Indian history and culture in preparation for colonial service in the Dutch
East Indies.
Specifically, Indology includes the study of Sanskrit
literature and Hinduism along with the other Indian religions, Jainism,
Buddhism, Sikhism, and Pāli literature. Dravidology is the separate branch
dedicated to the Dravidian languages of South India. Hindu texts in Dravidian
languages are considered disciplines in Indology. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Some scholars distinguish
Classical Indology from Modern Indology, the former more focussed on Sanskrit
and other ancient language sources, the latter on contemporary India, its
politics and sociology. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 But recently Indology has declined in academic circles
due to various reasons.
Orientalism, Western scholarly discipline of the 18th and
19th centuries that encompassed the study of the languages, literatures,
religions, philosophies, histories, art, and laws of Asian societies,
especially ancient ones. Such scholarship also inspired broader intellectual
and artistic circles in Europe and North America, and so Orientalism may also
denote the general enthusiasm for things Asian or “Oriental.” IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Orientalism was
also a school of thought among a group of British colonial administrators and
scholars who argued that India should be ruled according to its own traditions
and laws, thus opposing the “Anglicanism” of those who argued that India should
be ruled according to British traditions and laws. In the mid-20th century,
Orientalists began to favour the term Asian studies to describe their work, in
an effort to distance it from the colonial and neocolonial associations of
Orientalism. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 More recently, mainly through the work of the Palestinian American
scholar Edward Said, the term has been used disparagingly to refer to the
allegedly simplistic, stereotyped, and demeaning conceptions of Arab and Asian
cultures generally held by Western scholars
As a scholarly practice, Orientalism emerged in late
18th-century European centres of learning and their colonial outposts, when the
study of the languages, literatures, religions, laws, and art of East Asian
societies became a major focus of scholarly attention and intellectual energy. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 In that era, the number of Europeans doing research on East Asia dramatically
increased, and new forms of institutional support in universities and scholarly
associations encouraged such studies and their dissemination. A frequent theme
of that scholarship was that Asia had once been host to great civilizations
that had since fallen into their current state of decay. Many Orientalists, as
they came to be called, were connected to a colonial bureaucracy, but others
were not, and their positions on colonialism varied. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Orientalism as a scholarly
field was dominated by research in the French, English, and German languages
and associated centres of learning, and its subjects ranged geographically from
the North African Mediterranean to East and Southeast Asia. One of the most
significant discoveries of Orientalists was that Sanskrit and many European
languages were related to each other, which implied that Europe and India
shared historical origins. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 That discovery has been credited with giving rise to
the comparative method in the humanities and social sciences.
In the wake of that Orientalist research, scholars and
artists took up ideas about Asian societies, art, and traditions in their
intellectual and creative works, and images of and ideas about Asia or specific
peoples or parts of it became common tropes in popular literature and even
decor. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Thus, Orientalism was a significant philosophical and aesthetic movement
that reached well beyond the specialized circle of Orientalist scholars,
especially in the 19th century.
2. Who were
the subalterms? Discuss with suitable examples. 20
Reading and writing. Today it is about the subaltern. This
term is thrown about a lot, but there seems to be some confusion about what it
means. There are a number of ways of approaching the subject, so I think I may
just ramble a bit here about it. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The subaltern is a technical term for a
certain kind of dispossessed person. It is a person who fits within the model
of the Oppressor/Oppressed as the being so marginalized as to not even have the
‘voice’ of the oppressed. So, symbolically, we might say that the colonizer is
Self, the colonized is Other, and all of those who are invisible to both Self
and Other are the subaltern. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Gayatri Spivak has the most theoretical look at
the subaltern, and her work is still the root text for a discussion of the
subaltern, in her article “Can the Subaltern Speak?” The answer to the title of
her essay is no. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The subaltern does not have a voice. Indeed, technically, once
a subaltern has a voice, they are no longer the subaltern. They become Other,
merely altern.
From this theoretical insight, a sub-set of post-colonial
studies, the Subaltern Studies Group, attempted to find the trace of the
subaltern in Indian history. One interesting look at this is Dipesh
Chakrabarty. His example of the subaltern is the Indian rural masses. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 He argues
that within the notion of the modern Indian state, citizenship requires certain
subject-positions that many rural, illiterate Indians do not have. What is
often taken for granted in any idea of the citizen is a number of things,
including the more positivist understanding of history. For the Indian peasant,
however, Chakrabarty argues that their mytho-historical conception is so
different, that they are NOT, in fact, citizens of India. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Their worldviews are
different enough that they are elided by the state apparatus. Other examples of
the subaltern are indigenous groups or lower-caste, lower-class women who are
marginalized in such a way as to not have a voice.
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In my own work, the example I often come back to is the 19th
century British raj and the construction of Hinduism. The British Self and its
colonial epistemes collaborated with its Other, the elite indigenous population. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Together, they constructed a Hinduism that fit both their needs, howevermuch
the British (and French and German) set the terms for this collaboration (i.e.
the category ‘religion’). The British got an essentialized Hinduism that could
fit within their categories, and could be used for both colonial domination and
romantic resistance to modernity at home. The Elite Indians got to assert their
Hinduism as the authentic Hinduism and then use it to attain status within the
new colonized space of India, or to fight that colonization within this new
‘Hinduism’. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Who gets left out? Those that are doubly marginalized. Those who
are Othered by both the British and the indigenous elites. The tantrikas, the
devadasis, the hijras, the rural populance (many of whom even today have no
historical connection to colonization), the scheduled classes etc. Those are
the subalterns, to one degree or another. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 We could quibble about relative
Othering here, but I think the general structure holds.
Rey Chow makes some interesting points about the
construction of the subaltern and the category of the ‘native’. She argues that
part of the problem of attempting to find the voice of the subaltern is that
there may be some incommensurability between the subaltern and the rescuer. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 It
may be the case that the very act of recovering the voice of the subaltern can
be the act of ‘translating’ an ‘image’ that imperialism can make sense of. She
says, “As we challenge a dominant discourse by ‘resurrecting’ the victimized
voice/self of the native within our readings… this process, in which we become
visible, also neutralizes the untranslatability of the the native’s experience… IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 the hasty supply of original ‘contexts’ and ‘specificities’ easily become
complicitous with the dominant discourse” (332).
Assignment B
Answer the
following questions in about 250 words each.
3. Discuss
the classification of the Nationalist Movement given by Prof. A.R. Desai. 10
Akshay Ramanlal Desai (1915-1994) is considered as one of
the pioneers in introducing the modern Marxist approach to empirical
investigations in social sciences. In his early years he was influenced by his
father Ramanlal Vasantlal Desai, a well known litterateur who inspired the
youth in Gujarat in the thirties to undertake developmental work for social
transformation. A.R. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Desai took part in student movements in Baroda, Surat and
Bombay. He graduated from the University of Bombay, and also obtained a law
degree and PhD in Sociology under G.S. Ghurye from the same university in 1946. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Desai’s studies did not deter him from taking part in political activities.
Even in Bombay, he got involved in the labour front and organized a trade union
of Bombay Electricity supply and transport workers, dock workers and glass
workers.
It is during this period that he met with Neera desai, an
eminent sociologist, herself having done pioneering work in the field of
feminist studies. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 They married in 1947. A.R Desai has advocated the use of
dialectical-historical model in his sociological studies. Desai closely studied
the works of Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels, and the writings of Leon Trotsky.
Desai has been one of the only sociologists who has consistently applied
Marxist methods in his treatment of Indian social structure and its processes.
He rejected any interpretations of traditions with reference to religion,
rituals, and festivities. His sociology is essentially a secular phenomenon
where he relies on economics to understand and analyze social structures. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 He
has studied topics like Nationalism and its social configuration (1966),
examined community development programmes for economic development in villages,
treatment of urban slums and their demographic problems (1972), and finally
peasant movements (1979). All of these studies are based on a Marxist method of
historical-dialectical materialism. For A.R. Desai, contradictions emerging in
the Indian process of social transformation arise mainly from the growing nexus
among the capitalist bourgeoisie, rural petty-bourgeoisie and the state
apparatus. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 This nexus thwarts the ambitions and aspirations of the rural and
industrial working class population. For Desai, this contradiction is not
resolved but rather, takes on new cumulative forms and methods and re-emerges
as social movements and protests. Social unrest for him is thus rooted in the
capitalist path of development followed by India, following the legacy of the
national movement.
His concerns with understanding feudal production relations,
their role and transformation, emergence of capitalist relationships and
nationalist forces are presented in these volumes, out of which the first has
been translated into various languages and run into more than ten editions
(Shah, 1990). IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 According to Desai’s understanding, Nationalism is a historical
category. Its development has to be understood in the context of the social and
cultural history of a country. Indian nationalism is an outcome of a number of
objective and subjective forces which have evolved since the beginning of the
19th century. It has emerged amongst the social and religious diversities of
the country, territorial vastness and powerful traditions and institutions. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The
central thesis of both the above mentioned volumes is that British rule
destroyed the pre-capitalist forms of production relations and introduced
modern capitalist property relations, which paved the way for Indian
Nationalism (Shah, 1990).
4. Describe
the jajmani system found in India. 10
The jajmani system or yajman system was an economic system
most notably found in villages of India in which lower castes performed various
functions for upper castes and received grain or other goods in return. It was
an occupational division of labour involving a system of role-relationships
that enabled villages to be mostly self-sufficient. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Etymologically, the term
Jajman has been derived from the Sanskrit word Yajman, which means a person who
performs a yajna. Thus if some yajna is to be performed for that the services
of some Brahmins are essentially needed. It was gradually that its use was made
common to everyone who hired services or to whom the services were given.
It could be said that the Jajmani system is a system of
distribution whereby high caste land owning families are provided services and
products of various lower castes such as Khati (Carpenter), Nai (Barber),
Kumhars (Potters), Lobars (Blacksmiths), Dhobi (Washer man), Sweeper (Chuhra)
etc. The servicing castes are called Kamins while the castes served are called
Jajmans. For services rendered the servicing castes are paid in cash or in kind
(grains, fodder, clothes, animal products like milk, butter etc.) Kamin means
who works for some body or services him. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 In villages, durable relations obtain
mainly between food-producing families and the families that supply them with
goods and services. William H. Wiser’s study of a village in uttar Pradesh
reveals that these relations are called Jajmani in Hindi. In Maharashtra, they
are known as “Balutdarl”.
In Jajmani system, at the centre is the family of
agriculturists, the zamindars. They receive services from the families of
occupational castes. One who receives services is known as Jajman, the patron.
The families that provide services are known as Kamin, Kam Karney waley or
Kamgars (workers). In other parts of India, terms such as Parjan, Pardhan,
Balutedar etc. are also used for the providers of goods and services. All these
words literally refer to the same people, i.e. those who ‘work’ for others and
one may call them clients. BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The castes, which happen to provide services to the
agriculturists, vary from one village to another. Every caste in the village
does not happen to be a part of Jajmani system. So Jajmani system can be
defined as a patron-client relationship.
Yogendra Singh describes Jajmani system as a system governed
by relationship based on reciprocity in inter-caste relations in villages.
Ishwaran has said, that it is a system in which each caste has a role to play
in a community life as a whole. This role consists of economic, social and
moral functions. arold Gould has described the Jajmani system as inter-familial
inter-caste relationship pertaining to the patterning of super-
ordinate-subordinate relations between patrons and suppliers of services. The patrons
are the families of clean castes while the suppers of services are the families
of lower and unclean caste. BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The first detailed study of Jajmani tradition in
India was made by William H. Wiser. Both Kamin and Jajman are Integral part of
the jajmani system and thus complementary to each other. The Jajmani system is
called “Aya” in Mysore of South India, according to Ishwaran (1966).
5. Discuss
the role of religion in a capitalist society with reference to Max Weber. 10
The Sociology of religion by Weber is a piece with all his
sociology. His study promulgates that how far a particular sect of religion can
influence the economic behaviour of its followers. Weber’s main concerned was
to what extent religious conception of the world of existence have influenced
the economic behaviour of various societies and specially the western society.
Weber says that Calvinist sect of protestant Christian religion has strongest
influences on the development of capitalism. BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The theory also captures several
significant socio-economic influences which distinguish western from the
eastern characteristics. He also embarked upon, through the “method of
difference”, a comparative survey of the relation of economic ethics of world religions
to economic life, and to underline “those elements of the economic ethics of
the western religion which differentiate them from others.”
This paper examines Max Weber's 'The Religion of India' and
places it in the wider context of his work. It tries to show in detail how
Weber's study of India formed part of the comparative analysis of world
civilizations which was the natural result of his interest in the causal
antecedents of the rise of industrial capitalism in the West. With this
background correctly understood, it is possible to appreciate why Weber
approached Indian religion in the way that he did, and to avoid some common
mistakes. Weber is summarized on the most important aspects of Indian religion
and a brief attempt is made to state how valid his remarks still are. BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Weber
asks why certain developments occurred in Western civilization which did not
occur elsewhere, but which had universal significance, that is these
developments affected much of the rest of the world. He points out that science
in India was well developed, but the method of experimentation was not used. In
non-Western societies, historical scholarship existed, but it was not
systematic. Western law, or rational jurisprudence, was Roman in origin. Weber
even considered western music to have become rational. The western state
developed a written constitution, trained officials, and an administration
bound to rational rules. Compared with Marx, Weber both broadens and narrows
the definition of capitalism.
He considers all forms of money making through trade and
exchange to represent capitalist activity, while Marx tended to define
capitalism as a mode of production or fully developed system of capital
accumulation. At the same time, Weber narrows the definition of capitalism, identifying
it with peaceful free exchange, so that acquisition by force, e.g. piracy, is
not part of capitalism. For Weber, rationality in the form of using balances,
and the development of a monetary system, with measurement in money, is part of
this. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Rational, capitalistic acquisition is the systematic use of goods and
services so that the balance at the end exceeds the capital originally
invested. This method has existed since Antiquity, but to be properly carried
out, must be highly developed, requires the use of money, and methods like
double entry bookkeeping. For Weber, Marx's primitive accumulation of capital
(dispossession of the peasantry and concentration of ownership of the means of
production in the hands of a few) was not an essential part of capitalism, but
an expression of non capitalistic forms, perhaps even detracting from, rather
than assisting in, the development of capitalism. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 For Weber, a rational or
systematic approach to economic activity means that that economic actors
consider which of the several different possible courses of action they will
take. Each course of action has consequences, either positive or negative, and
decisions concerning action are not made on the basis of tradition, religion,
or by invoking magical powers. Rather, in a rational capitalism, actors are
problem solvers and calculate balances of gains and losses so that action
yields the greatest expansion in money.
Assignment C
Write a
note on the following in about 100 words each.
6. Concept
of Class 6
Anthropologists are fond of pointing out that much of what
we take for granted as “natural” in our lives is actually cultural—it is not
grounded in the natural world or in biology but invented by humans.Because
culture is invented, it takes different forms in different places and changes
over time in those places. Living in the twenty-first century, we have
witnessed how rapidly and dramatically culture can change, from ways of
communicating to the emergence of same-sex marriage. Similarly, many of us live
in culturally diverse settings and experience how varied human cultural
inventions can be. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 We readily accept that clothing, language, and music are
cultural—invented, created, and alterable—but often find it difficult to accept
that gender and sexuality are not natural but deeply embedded in and shaped by
culture. We struggle with the idea that the division of humans into two and
only two categories, “male” and “female,” is not universal, that “male” and
“female” are cultural concepts that take different forms and have different
meanings cross-culturally. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Similarly, human sexuality, rather than being simply
natural is one of the most culturally significant, shaped, regulated, and
symbolic of all human capacities. The concept of humans as either
“heterosexual” or “homosexual” is a culturally and historically specific
invention that is increasingly being challenged in the United States and
elsewhere.
Part of the problem is that gender has a biological
component, unlike other types of cultural inventions such as a sewing machine,
cell phone, or poem. We do have bodies and there are some male-female
differences, including in reproductive capacities and roles, albeit far fewer
than we have been taught. Similarly, sexuality, sexual desires and responses,
are partially rooted in human natural capacities. However, in many ways,
sexuality and gender are like food. We have a biologically rooted need to eat
to survive and we have the capacity to enjoy eating.
7. Gender
and Sex 6
8. Concept
of family 6
9. Economy
and its types 6
The purpose of every economy is to satisfy human wants by
using limited or scarce resources available and known to a society. These wants
can be satisfied by production and consumption of goods and services. For
production, the factors of production are engaged in some economic activities.
These economic activities bring income to the economic agents that can either
be consumed or saved and invested. On account of these gainful economic
activities and accumulated earnings, some countries grow fast while others
cannot attain such high growth rate. As a result some economies attain the
status of developed economies while others remain underdeveloped or developing
economies. IGNOU BSOC 102 Free Solved Assignment 2022 They are also known as rich and poor economies. We can look at
economies on the basis of ownership of resources. The resources available may
be in private ownership or the collective ownership. Thus there are different
ways to look at the economy and its level of development. In this lesson we
will explain all these terms in simple way so that you may understand and
differentiate the meaning and nature of an economy and understand its various
types.
10. Types
of mode of production
The term mode of production derives from the work of Karl
Marx (1818–1883), and the concept has played a significant role in subsequent
Marxist theory. Mode of production refers to the varied ways that human beings
collectively produce the means of subsistence in order to survive and enhance
social being. Marx believed that human history could be characterized by the
dominant modes of production. In this sense the term refers to a specific
economic system. Marx was interested in doing two things: providing an
analytical framework for defining specific modes of production and locating
those modes in terms of a theory of historical development. That being said, he
never developed these two points in a consistent or systematic manner, and thus
there are both ambiguities and contradictions contained in his writings (not
unlike his treatment of social class). Nonetheless, the basic contours of what
he was getting at are clear.
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