BSOC 104
SOCIOLOGY OF INDIA-II
Programme: BAG/2021/2022
Course Code: BSOC 104
Max. Marks: 100
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BSOC 104 Free Solved
Assignment
Assignment - I
Answer the
following in about 500 words each.
1. Explain Mahatma Gandhi’s view on nationalism in India. 20
The modern Indian political discourse, which begins with
Rammohun Roy, had distinctively a social connotation which only transformed
itself into a political one after the establishment of the Indian National
Congress in 1885. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The philosophy of
early Indian nationalism focused more on the social rather than on the
political because of the deep social cleavages and the unevenness in which the
modern notion like a nation looked far fetched. For instance, Rammohun talks of
continued Indian subordination and freedom from the British after 150 years.
After Rammohun we find a larger assertion in the context of an assertion of an
Indian identity, yet, like Surendranath Bannerjee, the general proposition was
that India is not yet a nation but a nation in making. At this time, during the
last quarter of the 19th century, there was a crystallisation of the philosophy
of cultural nationalism manifested mainly in Dayananda Saraswati and Swami
Vivekananda. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Dayananda talks of a
glorious Indian past declaring the Vedas to be the epic source of knowledge for
the whole of humankind but within this revivalist philosophy, he is also
conscious of the degeneration and the need for reform and creation of a new
Indian identity. In this formulation there is a reflection of a great deal of
British impact when he characterises the British as being superior as they
exude confidence in their dress, language and culture. Most importantly the
British honour the idea of contract in their personal relations. IGNOU BSOC 104
Free Solved Assignment 2022 In the context of contemporary India under colonial
subjugation, he wants a cultural awakening and integration preaching equality
as the core of the Indian tradition and propagating swadeshi and Hindustani as
the lingua franca of the country. Dayananda’s general argument is to prove the
point that the Indians are in no way inferior to the British and within the
framework of a revivalist past, it is quite possible to envisage a better
future of India as a nation. Vivekananda, articulating another important
dimension of a dialectical co-relationship, finds the western civilisation and
the Indian civilisation being only partially complete because the West is
deficient in spirituality whereas India lacks a tradition of modern education
and scientific enquiry. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 By the time
Gandhi entered the political arena in India via his long and fruitful
experiments in truth in South Africa, the debate between the Moderates and the
Extremists was virtually Gandhi’s Political Thought over and the debate over
the primacy of the social or of the political was resolved. By this time, with
the widespread influence of the reform movements and the nationalist struggle
that had exerted on the Indian mind many of the European conceptions and
articulations; these became an integral part of the nationalist discourse with
the Mahatma becoming the representative and unifying force. He dismisses the
idea that the attributes of a nation in India are of a recent origin and
especially due to the imprint of British colonialism. Following the spirit of
earlier cultural nationalism, he traces back to the ancient Indian heritage to
demonstrate that the idea of the Indian nation not only in its rudimentary form
but also in the context of certain fulfilment existed much before either the
idea of nationalism or the nation-state originated in the West. IGNOU BSOC 104
Free Solved Assignment 2022 That the great places of pilgrimage spread all over
India and the saints who, by their acts of sacrifice and perseverance, ceased
to be local or regional and became national was an enough indication that India
was a nation much before the British rule.
2. Write a
sociological note on ethnographic image of India. 20
The idea of image here does not necessarily relate to
something visual, a photograph, a film captured by a camera, telescope,
microscope, or other device, or displayed on a computer or video screen or a
geometric sketch or a map. Another form of data collection is that of the
“image.” The image is the protuberance that an individual puts onto an item or
mental construct. An image can be constructed about the physical world through
a particular individual’s perspective, primarily based on that individual’s
past or observed experiences. As for example an individual may form an image of
a novel after completing reading it. Similarly, one can be in a position to
tell you from the field the difference between the ways the birth of a girl
child is viewed in a family in Mizoram (welcome) and that in Madhya Pradesh (a
burden). IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The idea of the image is a
primary tool for ethnographers to collect data which presents a holistic
cultural portrait of the field and subjects that incorporates the views of the
participants (emic) as well as the views of the researcher (etic). It might
also Ethnographic Images of India consolidate the needs of the group and
advance need-based actionable changes in the society studied. After delineating
the idea of image as a mental construct or a descriptive category, the first
unit, this unit deals with the concept of ethnographic image as such and
ethnographic image of Indian society. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment
2022 While listing out the parameters of ethnographic image of Indian society,
the next section relates to the basic portrayal of India’s unity in diversity,
village India, caste, tribes and religion. The last section of this unit
discussed the features of little and great traditions in India society.
The early account of ethnographic image of India is found in
‘The People of India’ project instituted by British India to study the society,
culture, caste, tribe and Indian folklore. Two able British East India Company
officers trained in Anthropology, John Forbes Watson and John William Kaye
compiled an eightvolume study entitled The People of India between 1868 and
1875, containing 468 annotated photographs of the native castes and tribes of
India. The origin of the project is traced to the desire of Lord Canning, the
then Governor-General of India, who conceived of the collection of images for
the private edification of himself and his wife (Metcalfe,1997:117). IGNOU BSOC
104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The very purpose of this project was to develop
a fuller understanding of the customs and beliefs of the people whom they were
to administer with strategic control. Hence it was a visual documentation of
“typical” physical attributes, dress and other aspects of native life with
brief notes regarding what were thought to be the “essential characteristics”
of each community. In 1908 Herbert Risley, the Census Commissioner for the 1901
Census of India, furthered the same project and came out with another volume
‘The People of India’ containing 25 illustrations on Races, Caste and Tribes in
India. Many member of the Indian intelligentsia were unimpressed with the
general undertone and the outcome that their people had been depicted both
unfairly and dispassionately.
Assignment - II
Answer the
following questions in about 250 words each.
3. Identify
the feature of great and little traditions of India. 10
The whole of Indian culture can be studied with the help of
these two concepts ‘Little tradition’ and “Great tradition”. These two concepts
are based on the idea that the civilization and social organisation have a
tradition. For analyzing the relationship and the ceaseless interaction between
rural and urban societies, the concepts of little and great traditions, which
Redfield proposed on the basis of his study of Mexican communities, have been
found to be quite useful. Society can be looked upon as a process, a series of
interaction between human being where each person responds to the stimuli of
other person. No social life is possible except such interaction and this
communication is the basic to all social life. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved
Assignment 2022 The whole human society and each group in the society can be
viewed as the manifestation of the social processes between the interacting
members. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 These interactions
ultimately form the social structure and the norms, values and customs related
with these social relationships determines the cultural aspects of human being.
In Indian context the term culture has been derived from the Sanskrit word
Sanskriti. Both the terms have been composed from the term sanskar, means
satisfaction of total rituals, which may be applied to the ways of life for
living common at any one time to all mankind. The term civilization is regarded
as a changed or developed stage of culture. This was marked by the organisation
of complexities, heterogeneities and certainties.
Little tradition and Great tradition interacts with each
other and also these two are interdependent in India. The concepts of
universalization and parochialisation also describe the process of cultural change
implied by Sanskritisation, specially universalisation comes very close to the
concept. Some of the social scientists feel that Indian society or culture
could not be described fully with the help of little tradition and Great
tradition. Redfield’s approach is popularly known as the ‘cultural approach’,
because he looks at the interaction of the lifestyles of the two communities,
the village and the city. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 This
interaction is an outcome of the relative dependence (economic and political)
of one on the other. Little traditions and great traditions interact
constantly, as a result of which continuity is established between them.
Cultural traits from the little tradition are carried forward to the great
tradition where they are systematized. As great traditions have universal
applicability, the cultural elements they systematize also become universal.
Accordingly, the process whereby cultural features of the little traditions
become parts of the great traditions is known as universalization, a term
proposed by Redfield. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The reverse
process of the mobility of cultural traits from the great tradition to become
parts of the little tradition is also possible. A little tradition has a narrow
coverage and is confined to a local area. When it accepts elements from the
great tradition, it might modify them so that they are compatible with the
characteristics of the society in general.
4. Discuss
the significance of the Directive Principle of State policy of Indian
Constitute. 10
Directive Principles of State Policy aim to create social
and economic conditions under which the citizens can lead a good life. They
also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a welfare state.
Though the Directive Principles are nonjusticiable rights of the people but
fundamental in the governance of the country, it shall be the duty of the State
to apply these principles in making laws per Article 37. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free
Solved Assignment 2022 Besides, all executive agencies of union and states
should also be guided by these principles. Even the judiciary has to keep them
in mind in deciding cases.
An existing policy in line with DPSP can not be reversed however
it can be expanded further in line with DPSP. The policy changes applicable
under DPSP shall not be reversible unless the applicable DPSP is deleted by
constitutional amendment (ex. prohibition implemented once in a state can not
be repealed later as long as it is part of DPSP). Also, the State shall strive
to minimise the inequalities in income and endeavour to eliminate economic
inequality as well as inequalities in status and opportunities, not only among
individuals, but also among groups of people residing in different areas or
engaged in different vocations per Article 38 (2). IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved
Assignment 2022 The State shall aim for securing right to an adequate means of
livelihood for all citizens, both men and women as well as equal pay for equal
work for both men and women. The State should work to prevent concentration of
wealth and means of production in a few hands, and try to ensure that ownership
and control of the material resources is distributed to best serve the common
good. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Child abuse and exploitation
of workers should be prevented. Children should be allowed to develop in a
healthy manner and should be protected against exploitation and against moral
and material abandonment per Article 39. The State shall provide free legal aid
to ensure that equal opportunities for securing justice is ensured to all, and
is not denied by reason of economic or other disabilities per Article 39A. The
State shall also work for organisation of village panchayats and help enable
them to function as units of selfgovernment per Article 40.
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just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief per
Article 42. The State should also ensure living wage and proper working
conditions for workers, with full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural
activities. Also, the promotion of cottage industries in rural areas is one of the
obligations of the State per Article 43 The State shall take steps to promote
their participation in management of industrial undertakings per Article 43A
Also, the State shall endeavour to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens
per Article 44 and provide early childhood care and education for all children
until they complete the age of six years per Article 45. This directive
regarding education of children was updated by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002 It
should work for the economic and educational upliftment of scheduled castes,
scheduled tribes and other weaker sections of the society per Article 46
5.
Elaborate relations between education and social mobility. 10
A society is constituted by the people who are dynamic (
over –changing) in nature. From the primitive uncivilized form it has evolved
in to modern civilized and cultured society. This proves beyond doubt the
dynamic ( everchanging) nature of the society in which social mobility has
played a dominant role since time immoral. The social position, status and
economic conditions of people change from time to time. In many cases social
status and economic standard of person changes due to hard work or lighter
education or purely due to superior intellect. Better education and better
service also help in change of the socially disadvantaged groups like women and
the people belonging to scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes or backward classes.
IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 Lack of better education and will to
do hard work have made rich people poor, thereby lowering the standard of
living. Such type of changes which are observed in the social status, class,
economic condition and standard of life of a person are spoken of as Social
Mobility. According to P.A. Sorokin: “ By social mobility is meant any
transition of anl individual from one position to another in a constellation of
social group and strata.” . According to S. Bogardus: “ Social mobility is any
change in social position, such as occupational changes where persons move up
or down the occupational scale, or relation to office whereby a follower becomes
a leader, or a leap from a low economic class to a high one, or vice-versa.” In
the above definitions the nature of social Mobility has been dearly explained
ldin relation to occupation, income organizational membership etc. Individuals
with high aspirations tries to improve his social status and moves upward.
Vertical Social Mobility Sorokin says, “ By vertical
mobility. I mean the relations involved in a transition of An individual ( or
social object) from one social stratum to another”. The movement of a person
from one stratum of the society is referred as Vertical Social Mobility i.e. ,
in Vertical Social Mobility there is a change in the status of the individual .
The individual attains high education and becomes rich, He moves upward in the
social hierarchy. IGNOU BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 For example, when
a teacher becomes a lecturer in a college is said to have moved vertically in
the types :Upward Social Mobility ( Ascending Mobility) and Downward Social
Mobility (Descending mobility).
Horizontal Social Mobility When the movement of a person
occurs from one situation to another at the same level i.e. within the single
stratum, the process lis called horizontal social mobility . In other words, in
this type of mobility, there is no change in the social status of the individual
but there is a change in his affiliations. For example, when a Principal of
Secondary School at palm joins at the same post in a Secondary School at South
Ex. In this example the status and role of the person working as a Principal
remains the same but there is a change in the place of work which brings about
change in this affiliations, thus he shows horizontal social mobility.
Assignment - III
Answer the
following questions in about 100 words each.
6. What do
you understand by ethnicity? 6
Ethnicity refers to the identification of a group based on a
perceived cultural distinctiveness that makes the group into a “people.” This
distinctiveness is believed to be expressed in language, music, values, art,
styles, literature, family life, religion, ritual, food On the other side,
ethnicity is just as much based on intangible factors—namely, on what people
believe, or are made to believe, to create a sense of solidarity among members
of a particular ethnic group and to exclude those who are not members. IGNOU
BSOC 104 Free Solved Assignment 2022 primordialist approach, explains ethnicity
as a fixed characteristic of individuals and communities. According to
primordialists, ethnicity is embedded in inherited biological attributes, a
long history of practicing cultural differences, or both. Ethnic identity is
seen as unique in intensity and durability and as an existential factor
defining individual.
7. Explain
the concept of peasant. 6
Peasant, any member of a class of persons who till the soil
as small landowners or as agricultural labourers. The term peasant originally
referred to small-scale agriculturalists in Europe in historic times, but many
other societies, both past and present, have had a peasant class. The peasant
economy generally has a relatively simple technology and a division of labour
by age and sex. The basic unit of production is the family or household. One
distinguishing characteristic of peasant agriculture is self-sufficiency. Peasant
families consume a substantial part of what they produce, and, while some of
their output may be sold in the market, their total production is generally not
much larger than what is needed for the maintenance of the family. Both
productivity per worker and yields per unit of land are low. Peasants as a
class have tended to disappear as a society industrializes. This is due to the
mechanization of farming, the resulting consolidation of farming plots into
larger units, and the accompanying emigration of rural dwellers to the cities
and other sites of industrial employment.
8. What is
sanskritization. 6
Sanskritization is a process of imitation in Indian society,
the social status of an individual is fixed on the basis of caste hierarchy.
There are many lower castes who suffer from economic, religious or social
disabilities. So in order to improve the status, the lower castes people
imitate the life style of the upper caste people. Sanskritization is a process
of cultural change towards twice-born castes. Sanskritization is a process in which
the lower castes adopt the cultural patterns of the higher castes, to raise
their status in the caste hierarchical order. In some societies the lower caste
people followed not only the customs of the Brahmins but also the customs of
the locally dominant castes like Kshatriyas and Vaisyas to raise their status.
Sanskritization is helpful in the social mobility of lower caste: In this
process a caste is only trying to change the status and not the social
structure. . Sanskritization process also followed by the tribal:
Sanskritization process is not only confined to the caste people of Hindu
society, it is also found among the tribal society. The concept of
Sanskritization has also given rise to De-sanskritization. There are some
instances in modern times, some of the higher castes are imitating the
behaviour pattern of lower caste, and for example Brahmins have started taking
meat and liquor. This process is called Desanskritization.
9.
Elaborate the consent of secularism in India. 6
India is often accredited with the term melting pot of
diversity' due to the presence of many religions within the country. In light
of this religious diversity, independent India has proclaimed secularism to be
one of its key policy values and thus declaring itself as a secular state by
the insertion of the word secular in the Preamble. D.E. Smith opines that a
secular state is a state which guarantees individual and corporate freedom of
religion, deals with the individual as a citizen irrespective of religion, is
not constitutionally connected to a particular religion nor does it seek either
to promote or interfere with it.
The secular state views it individual as a citizen and not
as a member of a particular religious group. Religion becomes entirely
irrelevance in defining the terms of citizenship; its rights and duties are not
affected by the individual religious beliefs. Article 25 of the Constitution of
India, allows any individual the freedom of conscience and free profession,
practice and propagation of his/her religion. This Article forms the bedrock of
Secularism in India. Accordingly, every person is allowed to practice his
religion. The religious demography, before the advent of Islam was to very
extent stable, with only few religions residing. With the advent of Islam, not
only a new community established but certain religions in order to counter this
new religion of brotherhood also came into existence due to the growing
atrocities against Hindus. This situation somewhat got stable with the coming
of Britishers but situation started deteriorating again with the Divide and
Rule' Policy that was adopted by Britishers. After independence, the situation
with regard to communal clashes started getting worsen. And with India entering
the 21st Century, the secularism in India started taking a different turn
altogether. Though the beginning of this change started around 1990s with the
enactment of Places of Worship Act in 1991 for prohibiting the conversion of
any place of worship and requiring the preservation of any place of worship's
religious character as it existed on August 15, 1947 and the demolition of
Babri Masjid which was allegedly to be constructed after demolishing the temple
of Lord Ram. Prior to all these from 1989 onwards, mass exodus of Kashmiri
Pandits had begun from Kashmir.
10. Explain
the concept of non-violence.
Non-violence and peace are natural, ubiquitous, and normal
in the human species throughout its evolution and adaptation. In fact, for well
over a million years evolution has selected for a human nature that is
naturally inclined toward nonviolence, peace, cooperation, reciprocity,
empathy, and compassion in the context of nomadic forager societies that
comprise 99% of human existence. Otherwise the species would not have survived
and flourished. Serial and mass murder, and especially in the form of warfare
justified by whatever rationalizations, are relatively recent aberrations in
human cultural evolution and prehistory, and are uncommon in history as well.
Normal refers to the statistical sense of nonviolence and peace as common.
Normal also refers to the moral sense in that nonviolence is valued as an
ideal, what is right. All of the major religions have core principles
proscribing killing and prescribing treating others as one would like to be
treated. Accordingly, nonviolence and peace are not rare, although they are
rarely acknowledged, this despite the fact that there has been a progressively
accumulating record of publications about them since at least the nineteenth
century and especially over the last three decades. Biases in Western culture,
and especially in American culture, tend to view humans as innately competitive
and aggressive, thus neglecting if not completely ignoring nonviolence and
peace.
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