BSOC 105
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
Programme: BAG/2021/2022
Course Code: BSOC 105
Max. Marks: 100
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BSOC 105 Free Solved
Assignment
Assignment - I
Answer the following in
about 500 words each.
1. Describe the emergence of
political sociology. 20
Political sociology is the study of power and the
relationship between societies, states, and political conflict. It is a broad
subfield that straddles political science and sociology, with “macro” and
“micro” components. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The macrofocus
has centered on questions about nation-states, political institutions and their
development, and the sources of social and political change (especially those
involving large-scale social movements and other forms of collective action).
Here, researchers have asked “big” questions about how and why political
institutions take the form that they do, and how and when they undergo
significant change. The micro orientation, by contrast, examines how social
identities and groups influence individual political behavior, such as voting,
attitudes, and political participation. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment
2022 While both the macro- and micro-areas of political sociology overlap with
political science, the distinctive focus of political sociologists is less on
the internal workings or mechanics of the political system and more on the
underlying social forces that shape the political system. Political sociology
can trace its origins to the writings of Alexis de Tocqueville, Karl Marx,
Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber, among others, but it only emerged as a separate
subfield within sociology after World War II. Many of the landmark works of the
1950s and 1960s centered on microquestions about the impact of class, religion,
race/ethnicity, or education on individual and group-based political behavior.
Beginning in the 1970s, political sociologists increasingly turned toward
macrotopics, such as understanding the sources and consequences of revolutions,
the role of political institutions in shaping political outcomes, and
large-scale comparativehistorical studies of state development. IGNOU BSOC 105
Free Solved Assignment 2022 Today both micro- and macroscholarship can be found
in political sociology.
Political sociology is an interdisciplinary field of study
concerned with exploring how power and oppression operate in society across
micro to macro levels of analysis Interested in the social causes and
consequences of how power is distributed and changes throughout and amongst
societies, political sociology's focus ranges across individual families to the
State as sites of social and political conflict and power contestation Political
sociology was nceived as an interdisciplinary sub-field of sociology and
politics in the early 1930s throughout the social and political disruptions
that took place through the rise of Communism, Facism, and World War II This
new area drawing upon works by Alexis de Tocqueville, James Bryce, Robert
Michels, Max Weber, Émile Durkheim, and Karl Marx to understand an integral
theme of political sociology; power. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment 2022
Power's definition for political sociologists varies across the approaches and
conceptual framework utilised within this interdisciplinary study. At its basic
understanding, power can be seen as the ability to influence or control other
people or processes around you. This helps to create a variety of research
focuses and use of methodologies as different scholars' understanding of power
differs. Alongside this, their academic disciplinary department/ institution
can also flavour their research as they develop from their baseline of inquiry
(e.g. political or sociological studies) into this interdisciplinary field (see
Political sociology vs sociology of politics). IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved
Assignment 2022 Although with deviation in how it is carried out, political
sociology has an overall focus on understanding why power structures are the
way they are in any given societal context.
Political sociologists, throughout its broad
manifestations, propose that in order to understand power, society and politics
must be studied with one another and neither treated as assumed variables.
"For any society to be understood, so must its politics; and if the
politics of any society is to be understood, so must that society Conflict and
cooperation are the two important aspects of human behaviour and these aspects
have been experienced by man throughout human history. Conflict gives rise to
political situation. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The process of
making decision by the group of people means politics. The interaction between
society and politics is the subject matter of political sociology. In this unit
we will get a preliminary idea about the discipline, its origin and scope of
study Political sociology provides a new vista in political analysis. It is the
study of interaction and linkages between society and politics; between a
political system and its social, economic and cultural environment.
2. Analyse the role of
social institutions in the reproduction of elites. 20
Social reproduction describes the reproduction of social
structures and systems, mainly on the basis of particular preconditions in
demographics, education and inheritance of material property or legal titles
(as earlier with aristocracy). Reproduction is understood as the maintenance
and continuation of existing social relations. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved
Assignment 2022 Originally proposed by Karl Marx in Das Kapital, this concept
is a variety of Marx's notion of economic reproduction. According to
sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, there are four types of capital that contribute to
social reproduction in society: economic capital, cultural capital, social
capital and symbolic capital.
Social reproduction in this sense is distinct from the term
as it is used in Marxist feminism to discuss reproductive labor. In that
application, it is used to explain the role of women in wider social and class
structures, and their (often unrecognized) contribution to the capitalist
economy via their (traditional) role within the household as both childbearers
and family caretakers, and by extension women's role as providers of free labor
that is necessary to produce and maintain current and future workers. The
sociology of health and illness studies how social life affects morbidity and
mortality rate, and vice versa. Social reproduction is involved in this field
when it comes to how inequalities affect the health of people in particular
classes. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The greater the economic
inequality, the more of a toll it takes on the health of the populace, from
life expectancy to infant mortality, and in cases like the U.S, increasing
rates of obesity. Studies conducted on the population of high income countries
make this apparent. It is not just simply poverty, though they do go hand in
hand, but it also leads to a gap in social cohesion, which leads the general
populace to be more stressed, fearful, and insecure
In the majority of high-income countries, the top 1% live,
on average, 10 years longer than the average 99%, statistically making those
born into the poorer classes naturally have a shorter life span. This can be
attributed to the top 1% having access to better healthcare. IGNOU BSOC 105
Free Solved Assignment 2022 The bottom 99% may be disinclined to visit doctors
and take cough medicine for more serious illnesses, and are disadvantaged
especially in cases of incurable illnesses like AIDS where constant medicating
with expensive, non-subsidized drugs is the only way to sustain a normal life
Those born into a lower class are at a higher risk of suffering from illness.
In the past, the poor suffered from hunger and starvation. However, in
high-income countries like the U.S, the opposite is true. Food-insecure
families are the most prone to high rates of obesity, especially in children.
This can be attributed to the generally higher cost of healthful foods, a lack
of education regarding healthy eating habits, and faster preparation times,
causing fast foods, or other unhealthy alternatives to be consumed often for
their ease of acquisition and generally low price.
Assignment - II
Answer the following in
about 250 words each.
3. Differentiate between
state, nation and society. 10
You have studied about the concept of the state, its
elements, and concepts such as nation, nationality and the distinction between
nation and nationality in the last lesson. You have also known, in the previous
chapters, the meaning of Political Science and Politics and what makes the two
distinct from each other. In this lesson you would know about some other
concepts, especially about ‘society’, ‘government,’ and ‘other associations’
and thereafter distinction between them. Objectives After studying this lesson,
you will be able to l know the meaning of society, government and other
associations; l distinguish between state and society; l distinguish between
state and other associations; l distinguish between state and government; l
distinguish between state and nation. 3.1 State and Society You have known the
meaning of the state in the last chapter. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment
2022 It is, as you know, a political society with its four elements:
population, fixed (definite) territory, government and sovereignty. You also
know that it acts through law and endowed to this end with coercive power,
maintains within a community the universal external conditions of social order.
Society, as a concept, is both an organization as well as a system of social
relationships. It is an organization, a social organization encompassing a web
of social relationships.
We must differentiate between state and society otherwise
we will be justifying state interference in all aspects of human life, thereby
affecting human liberty. Considering the two as interchangeable terms lead to
the growth of deceptive social and political theories. Maclver rightly warns:
“To identity the social (i.e. the society) with the political (i.e. the state)
is to be guilty of the grossest of all confusions which completely bars any
understanding of either society or the state.” In fact, the ancient Greek
philosophers (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle) did not make distinction between
the state and society. For them, polis was both the city, i.e. the society and
the state. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The idealists such as
Rousseau, a French political philosopher of the 18th century, also regarded the
two as one. The relationship between the state and other associations is
significant in many respects. The other associations help the state reduce its
burden; they perform functions even greater than those of the state; some of
them, (for example, the family, friendship groups, church) have been in existence
much before the state. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The state
need not take away their powers; it need not dominate them. What at best, the state can do and in fact, should
do is that it should supervise their activities; should co-ordinate their
activities, and should see that the other associations function properly within
their spheres. Important as these other associations are in their internal
domains and in their functions, they need not override the authority of the
state, and should never challenge the state’s sovereignty. The state, on the
otherhand, need to ensure the other associations their autonomy.
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4. Outline the major
features of bureaucracy. 10
The term bureaucracy may refer both to a body of
non-elected governing officials (bureaucrats) and to an administrative
policy-making group Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration
managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. Today, bureaucracy
is the administrative system governing any large institution, whether publicly
owned or privately owned. The public administration in many jurisdictions and
sub-jurisdictions exemplifies bureaucracy, but so does any centralized
hierarchical structure of an institution, e.g. hospitals, academic entities,
business firms, professional societies, social clubs, etc. Bureaucracy in a
political theory is mainly a centralized form of management and tends to be
differentiated from adhocracy, in which management tends more to
decentralization.
Various commentators have argued for the necessity of
bureaucracies in modern society. The German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920)
argued that bureaucracy constitutes the most efficient and rational way in
which human activity can be organized and that systematic processes and
organized hierarchies are necessary to maintain order, to maximize efficiency,
and to eliminate favoritism. On the other hand, Weber also saw unfettered
bureaucracy as a threat to individual freedom, with the potential of trapping
individuals in an impersonal "iron cage" of rule-based, rational
control Although the term "bureaucracy" first originated in the
mid-18th century, organized and consistent administrative systems existed much
earlier. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment 2022 The development of writing
(c. 3500 BC) and the use of documents was critical to the administration of
this system, and the first definitive emergence of bureaucracy occurred in
ancient Sumer, where an emergent class of scribes used clay tablets to
administer the harvest and to allocate its spoils Ancient Egypt also had a
hereditary class of scribes that administered the civilservice bureaucracy.
5. Describe different types
of elites. 10
In political and sociological theory, the elite (French
élite, from Latin eligere, to select or to sort out) are a small group of
powerful people who hold a disproportionate amount of wealth, privilege,
political power, or skill in a society. Defined by the Cambridge Dictionary,
the "elite" are "those people or organizations that are
considered the best or most powerful compared to others of a similar type.
American sociologist C. Wright Mills states that the power elite members
recognize other members' mutual exalted position in society. IGNOU BSOC 105
Free Solved Assignment 2022 "As a rule, 'they accept one another,
understand one another, marry one another, tend to work, and to think, if not
together at least alike' "It is a well-regulated existence where education
plays a critical role.
Unlike the ruling class, a social formation based on
heritage and social ties, the power elite is characterized by the
organizational structures through which its wealth is acquired. According to
Mills, the power elite rose from "the managerial reorganization of the
propertied classes into the more or less unified stratum of the corporate
rich".[10] Domhoff further clarified the differences in the two terms:
"The upper class as a whole does not do the ruling. Instead, class rule is
manifested through the activities of a wide variety of organizations and
institutions...Leaders within the upper class join with high-level employees in
the organizations they control to make up what will be called the power
elite" The Marxist theoretician Nikolai Bukharin anticipated the elite
theory in his 1929 work, Imperialism and World Economy: "present-day state
power is nothing but an entrepreneurs' company of tremendous power, headed even
by the same persons that occupy the leading positions in the banking and syndicate
offices.
Assignment - III
Write a following in about
100 words each.
6. Charismatic Authority 6
Charismatic authority is concept Of leadership developed by
the German sociologist Max Weber.It involves a type of organization or a type
of leadership in which authority derives from the charisma of the leader. This
stands in contrast to two other types of authority: legal authority and
traditional authority. Each of the three types forms part of Max Weber's
tripartite classification of authority.
"Charisma" is an ancient Greek term that
initially gained prominence through Saint Paul's letters to the emerging
Christian communities in the first century. In this context, it generally
referred to a divinely-originating "gift" that demonstrated the
authority of God within the early leaders of the Church. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free
Solved Assignment 2022 Max Weber took this theological notion and generalized
it, viewing it as something that followers attribute, thereby opening it up for
use by sociologists who applied it to political, military, celebrity, and
non-Christian religious contexts.[1] Other terms used are "charismatic
domination"[2] and "charismatic leadership.
7. Citizenship 6
Citizenship is a relationship between an individual and a
state to which the individual owes allegiance and in turn is entitled to its
protection Each state determines the conditions under which it will recognize
persons as its citizens, and the conditions under which that status will be
withdrawn. Recognition by a state as a citizen generally carries with it
recognition of civil, political, and social rights which are Not afforded to
non-citizens. The relationship between constitutional rights and
responsibilities determined the legal status of a citizen In general, the basic
rights normally regarded as arising from citizenship are the right to a
passport, the right to leave and return to the country/is of citizenship, the right
to live in that country and to work there. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved
Assignment 2022 Some countries permit their citizens to have multiple
citizenships, while others insist on exclusive allegiance. A person who does
not have citizenship of any state is said to be stateless, while one who lives
on state borders whose territorial status is uncertain is a border-lander.
8. Power 6
power, in science and engineering, time rate of doing work
or delivering energy, expressible as the amount of work done W, or energy
transferred, divided by the time interval t—or W/t. A given amount of work can
be done by a low-powered motor in a long time or by a high-powered motor in a
short time. Units of power are those of work (or energy) per unit time, such as
foot-pounds per minute, joules per second (or watts), and ergs per second.
Power is expressible also as the product of the force applied to move an object
and the speed of the object in the direction of the force. If the magnitude of
the force F is measured in pounds and the speed ν in feet per minute, the power
equals Fν foot-pounds per minute. In the International System of Units, power
is measured in newton metres per second.
9. Meaning of Democracy 6
The notion of democracy has evolved over time considerably.
The original form of democracy was a direct democracy. The most common form of
democracy today is a representative democracy, where the people elect
government officials to govern on their behalf such as in a parliamentary or
presidential democracy Prevalent day-to-day decision making of democracies is
the majority rule though other decision making approaches like supermajority
and consensus have also been integral to democracies. They serve the crucial
purpose of inclusiveness and broader legitimacy on sensitive
issues—counterbalancing majoritarianism—and therefore mostly take precedence on
a constitutional level. In the common variant of liberal democracy, the powers
of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative
democracy, but the constitution limits the majority and protects the
minority—usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, .
freedom of speech or freedom of association Democracy contrasts with forms of
government where power is either held by an individual, as in autocratic
systems like absolute monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of
individuals, as in an oligarchy—oppositions inherited from ancient Greek
philosophy. Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or
tyranny, focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and
to oust them without the need for a revolution. [9] World public opinion
strongly favors democratic systems of government.
10. Resistance
Many components, such as heating elements and resistors,
have a fixed-resistance value. These values are often printed on the
components' nameplates or in manuals for reference. When a tolerance is
indicated, the measured resistance value should be within the specified
resistance range. Any significant change in a fixed-resistance value usually
indicates a problem. IGNOU BSOC 105 Free Solved Assignment 2022
"Resistance" may sound negative, but in electricity it can be used
beneficially
Examples: Current must struggle to flow through the small
coils of a toaster, enough to generate heat that browns bread. Old-style
incandescent light bulbs force current to flow through filaments so thin that
light is generated. Resistance cannot be measured in an operating circuit.
Accordingly, troubleshooting technicians often determine resistance by taking
voltage and current measurements and applying Ohm's Law:
E = I x R
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