BSOE 143

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY

Programme: BAG/2021/2022

Course Code: BSOE 143

Max. Marks: 100

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IGNOU BSOE 143 Free Solved Assignment 2022

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BSOE 143 Free Solved Assignment

Assignment A

Answer the following in about 500 words each.

1. What do you understand by sustainability? Discuss with examples. 20

Sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In addition to natural resources, we also need social and economic resources. Sustainability is not just environmentalism. Embedded in most definitions of sustainability we also find concerns for social equity and economic development. Environmental Sustainability Ecological integrity is maintained, all of earth’s environmental systems are kept in balance while natural resources within them are consumed by humans at a rate where they are able to replenish themselves.

Economic Sustainability Human communities across the globe are able to maintain their independence and have access to the resources that they require, financial and other, to meet their needs. Economic systems are intact and activities are available to everyone, such as secure sources of livelihood. Social Sustainability Universal human rights and basic necessities are attainable by all people, who have access to enough resources in order to keep their families and communities healthy and secure. Healthy communities have just leaders who ensure personal, labour and cultural rights are respected and all people are protected from discrimination.

Three Pillars of Sustainability

Sustainable development involves environmental, economic, and social aspects. For a particular process to be sustainable, it should not cause irreversible change to the environment, should be economically viable, and should benefit society. One of the example illustrations of the interplay among these three spheres is provided below in Figure 1.1. Sustainability is represented as the synergy between society, economics, and environment. The environmental aspects include use of natural resources, pollution prevention, biodiversity, and ecological health. The social aspects include standards of living, availability of education and jobs, and equal opportunities for all members of society. The economic factors are drivers for growth, profit, reducing costs, and investments into research and development, etc. There are more factors that will affect sustainability of a social system - these few are listed as examples. Interaction of social and economic spheres result in formulation of combined social-economic aspects.

2. Critically examine the term Political Ecology in the study of environment. 20

Political ecology is the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes. Political ecology differs from apolitical ecological studies by politicizing environmental issues and phenomena. The academic discipline offers wide-ranging studies integrating ecological social sciences with political economy in topics such as degradation and marginalization, environmental conflict, conservation and control, and environmental identities and social movements. political ecology" was first coined by Frank Thone in an article published in 1935 (Nature Rambling: We Fight for Grass, The Science Newsletter 27, 717, Jan. 5: 14). it has been widely used since then in the context of human geography and human ecology, but with no real systematic definition. Anthropologist Eric R. Wolf gave it a second life in 1972 in an article entitled “Ownership and Political Ecology,” in which he discusses how local rules of ownership and inheritance “mediate between the pressures emanating from the larger society and the exigencies of the local ecosystem” (Wolf 1972, p. 202). Other origins include other early works of Eric R. Wolf as well as John W. Cole and Hans Magnus Enzensberger and others in the 1970s and 1980s.

The origins of the field in the 1970s and 1980s were a result of the development of radical development geography and cultural ecology (Bryant 1998, p. 80). Historically, political ecology has focused on phenomena in and affecting the developing world; since the field’s inception, “research has sought primarily to understand the political dynamics surrounding material and discursive struggles over the environment in the third world” (Bryant 1998, p. 89). Scholars in political ecology are drawn from a variety of academic disciplines, including geography, anthropology, development studies, political science, sociology, forestry, and environmental history. Some modern prominent scholars include:

political ecology and conservation, one ultimately finds that there is a divergence of ideas, issues, and troubles, especially when looking at conservation through biodiversity and the creation of conservation units. Sutton (2004) defines political ecology as “the study of the day-to– day conflicts, alliances, and negotiations that ultimately result in some sort of definitive behavior; how politics affects or structures resource use” (311). It is a matter of who is involved and what they eventually want the outcome to be, such as the views from NGOs or those of the local people and the government of the occupied land. They must all consider their involvement in this matter. Are the actions local people contributing an asset to the area or are they in effect causing more harm than good?Are the NGOs helping the situation and for whose benefit? What is the government’s role in this; where do they stand? Biodiversity, meaning biological diversity, can be briefly defined as “the number and dominance of species present in an ecosystem” (Sutton 2004: 308). Many, however, feel that in cases where the local indigenous people are using slash and burn are, in effect, harming the area or in other cases where logging is being done. In some cases, biosphere reserves have been created.

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Assignment B

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.

3. Examine the main features the Anti-dam movements in India. 10

In addition to their current top position in global economy, India and China top the global list of dam construction and dam induced displacement. There are around 1700 large dams being built around the world today where India leads the list followed by China, Turkey and South Korea (WCD, 2000). On the other hand, China alone has built around half of world’s total number of dams.

Before communist revolution in 1949 there were only 22 large dams in China which increased to 22,000 in post revolution times. Now both India and China are the fastest growing economies, top dam builders and largest producers of dam induced population displacement in the world.

In the name of national interest and economic development, ambitious hydro-electric projects are being built in these countries, ignoring their impacts on lives and livelihoods of millions of affected population. In the late 1980s Chinese Government officially recognised 10.2 million people as ‘reservoir resettlers’ while unofficial sources claim that the original number maybe substantially higher (Caspary, 2007). In India, since independence 21 million to 40 million people are displaced by dam projects (Taneja and Thakkar, 2000 cited in Stanly, 2004). Construction of large dams cost 27% of all people displaced by development projects in China and 77% in India (WCD, 2000). Sudden disruption in patterns of daily life and forceful displacement from the places of residence are worsened with improper resettlement package and corruption. As a result the dam affected people of these countries are getting organised gradually to protest against construction of these large dams. The recent example of Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) in India and Three Gorges Dam Project (TGD) in China are not exceptions either. The following discussion goes through the basic facts of these two large dam projects, protests surrounding them and reactions to the protests from the government bodies.

4. What do you understand by the term ecofeminism? 10

Ecofeminism is a branch of feminism that sees environmentalism, and the relationship between women and the earth, as foundational to its analysis and practice. Ecofeminist thinkers draw on the concept of gender to analyse the relationships between humans and the natural world. The term was coined by the French writer Françoise d'Eaubonne in her book Le Féminisme ou la Mort (1974).Ecofeminist theory asserts a feminist perspective of Green politics that calls for an egalitarian, collaborative society in which there is no one dominant group. Today, there are several branches of ecofeminism, with varying approaches and analyses, including liberal ecofeminism, spiritual/cultural ecofeminism, and social/socialist ecofeminism (or materialist ecofeminism). Interpretations of ecofeminism and how it might be applied to social thought include ecofeminist art, social justice and political philosophy, religion, contemporary feminism, and poetry.

Ecofeminist analysis explores the connections between women and nature in culture, economy, religion, politics, literature and iconography, and addresses the parallels between the oppression of nature and the oppression of women. These parallels include but are not limited to seeing women and nature as property, seeing men as the curators of culture and women as the curators of nature, and how men dominate women and humans dominate nature. Ecofeminism emphasizes that both women and nature must be respected. Though the scope of ecofeminist analysis is dynamicAmerican author and ecofeminist Charlene Spretnak has offered one way of categorizing ecofeminist work: 1) through the study of political theory as well as history; 2) through the belief and study of nature-based religions; 3) through environmentalism

5. How is material desires socially constructed? Explain with examples. 10

Social constructs develop within a society or group. They don't represent objective reality but instead are meaningful only because people within the society or group accept that they have meaning. Simply put, social constructs do not have inherent meaning. The only meaning they have is the meaning given to them by people.

For example, the idea that pink is for girls and blue is for boys is an example of a social construct related to gender and the color of items. The collective perception that a particular color can be associated with a certain gender is not an objective representation of truth or fact. Instead, it a social convention that came to have meaning within the context of society. There are many examples of social constructs. Most common practices and behaviors that are generally accepted within a society or other group represent social constructs. These societal norms don't have to be accepted by every single person in order to be social constructs. They can (and often do) change over time.

Adulthood - The specific of when a person is considered to be an adult is a social construct. In the United States and most of the European Union, people are considered to be adults at the age of 18. In Scotland, however, people are considered to be adults at the age of 16.

Gender behaviors - The concept of certain behaviors being specific to a person's gender is a social construct. This applies to the idea that men should keep their emotions bottled up or the notion that women are overly emotional. It also applies to beliefs that boys should play with trucks and girls with dolls.

Assignment C

Write a note on the following in about 100 words each.

6. Beej Bachao Andolan 6

Beej Bachao Andolan (“Save the Seeds Movement”) has been working in the Indian state of Uttarakhand since the 1980s to restore traditional, agroecological farming knowledge, practices, and seed diversity – all of which have been disappearing since the start of the “Green Revolution” in the 1960s. The movement is led by activist and farmer Vijay Jardhari, who joined together with local farmers from villages across the state’s Himalayan foothills to collect and conserve some 350 varieties of rice and 220 varieties of kidney beans, as well as lesser numbers of wheat, barley, cowpea and lentil varieties. They have also documented and brought back into practice ingenious and sustainable techniques like baranaja, a system of intercropping and rotation of 12 staple crops. Find out more about the movement here and here, and watch an inspiring documentary film, Baranaja: Twelve Seeds of Sustainability, by Project Survival Media.

7. Medha Patkar 6

Medha Patkar (born 1 December 1954) is an Indian social activist working on various crucial political and economic issues raised by tribals, dalits, farmers, labourers and women facing injustice in India.[better source needed] She is an alumnus of TISS, a premier institute of social science research in India.

Patkar is the founder member of the 32 years old people's movement called Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) in three states: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. NBA has been engaged in a struggle for justice for the people affected by the dam projects related to the Sardar Sarovar dam project, especially those whose homes will be submerged but have not yet been rehabilitated.[citation needed] She is also one of the founders of the National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM), an alliance of hundreds of progressive people's organizations.In addition to the above, Patkar was a commissioner on the World Commission on Dams, which did thorough research on the environmental, social, political and economic aspects and impacts of the development of large dams globally and their alternatives. She was the national co-ordinator and then convenor of National Alliance of People's Movements for many years and now continues to be an advisor to NAPM. Under the banner of NAPM, she has participated in and supported various mass struggles across India against inequity, nonsustainability, displacement, and injustice in the name of development. Her work challenges Casteism, Communalism, and all forms of discrimination.

8. Anthropocene 6

The Anthropocene (/ˈæn.θrə.pəˌsin, ænˈθrɒp.ə-/ AN-thrə-pə-seen, anTHROP-[failed verification] is a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change. As of December 2021, neither the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) nor the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) has officially approved the term as a recognised subdivision of geologic time, although the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG) of the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) of the ICS voted in April 2016 to proceed towards a formal golden spike (GSSP) proposal to define the Anthropocene epoch in the geologic time scale (GTS) and presented the recommendation to the International Geological Congress in August 2016. In May 2019, the AWG voted in favour of submitting a formal proposal to the ICS by 2021 locating potential stratigraphic markers to the mid-twentieth century of the common era.This time period coincides with the start of the Great Acceleration, a post-WWII time period during which socioeconomic and Earth system trends increase at a dramatic rateand the Atomic Age.

9. The notion of risk 6

In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening. Risk involves uncertainty about the effects/implications of an activity with respect to something that humans value (such as health, well-being, wealth, property or the environment), often focusing on negative, undesirable consequences.Many different definitions have been proposed. The international standard definition of risk for common understanding in different applications is “effect of uncertainty on objectives” The understanding of risk, the methods of assessment and management, the descriptions of risk and even the definitions of risk differ in different practice areas (business, economics, environment, finance, information technology, health, insurance, safety, security etc). This article provides links to more detailed articles on these areas. The international standard for risk management, ISO 31000, provides principles and generic guidelines on managing risks faced by organizations.

10. Globalisation

Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. Globalization has accelerated since the 18th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology. This increase in global interactions has caused a growth in international trade and the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration that is associated with social and cultural aspects. However, disputes and diplomacy are also large parts of the history of globalization, and of modern globalization.

Economically, globalization involves goods, services, data, technology, and the economic resources of capital.The expansion of global markets liberalizes the economic activities of the exchange of goods and funds. Removal of cross-border trade barriers has made the formation of global markets more feasible. Advances in transportation, like the steam locomotive, steamship, jet engine, and container ships, and developments in telecommunication infrastructure, like the telegraph, Internet, and mobile phones, have been major factors in globalization and have generated further interdependence of economic and cultural activities around the globe.

IGNOU BSOE 143 Free Solved Assignment 2022: IGNOU BSOE 143 ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY Solved Assignment 2022: Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Alongside assignment status, they will also checkout their assignment marks & result. IGNOU BSOE 143 Free Solved Assignment 2022 All this is often available in a web mode. After submitting the assignment, you'll check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. it'd take 40 days to declare.

 

Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. IGNOU BSOE 143 Free Solved Assignment 2022 All this is available in an online mode. IGNOU BSOE 143 Free Solved Assignment 2022 After submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.

 

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