BSOE 145
RELIGION AND SOCIETY
Programme: BAG/2021/2022
Course Code: BSOE 145
Max. Marks: 100
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BSOE 145 Free Solved
Assignment
Assignment One
Answer the
following Descriptive Category questions in about 500 words each. Each question
carries 20 marks. 2 x20=40
1. Explain
the concept of ‘super humans’ and its manifestations.
The term superhuman refers to humans or human-like lifeforms
with enhanced qualities and abilities that exceed those naturally found in
humans. These qualities may be acquired through natural ability,
selfactualization or technological aids. The related concept of a super race
refers to an entire category of beings with the same or varying superhuman
characteristics, created from present-day human beings by deploying various
means such as eugenics, euthenics, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and/or
brain–computer interfacing to accelerate the process of human evolution.
Throughout history, the discussion of superhuman traits and
the idea of the ideal human in physical, mental, or spiritual form has
influenced politics, policy, philosophy, science and various social movements,
as well as featuring prominently in culture. Groups advocating the deliberate pursuit
of superhuman qualities for philosophical, political, or moral reasons are
sometimes referred to as superhumanist. Modern depictions of this have evolved
and are shown in superhero fiction or through technologically aided people or
cyborgs. The Ãœbermensch or "Superman" was postulated in the later
writings of Friedrich Nietzsche as a type of supreme, ultra- aristocratic
achievement which becomes possible in the transcendence of modernity, morals or
nihilism Nietzsche believed in creating the perfect human, or at least a
definition of one, and achieving this perfection through the enhancement of
individual and cultural health, creativity, and power, and that to be a
successful human one would focus on the realities of our world, rather than the
beyond world, or afterlife. Nietzsche explores the idea of a superhuman in his
work Thus Spoke Zarathustra, in which he discusses the reality of humans
existing as just that, and their potential to be more, through risks taken to
advance humanity. This belief focuses not on a man who is bettering oneself but
instead establishes values which create a meaning to life greater than one
person, and positively influencing the lives of others with an overarching goal
of humanity. These goals help one overcome life's feeling of meaninglessness.
In transhumanism and futurology, superhuman abilities are
the technological aim either of human enhancement by genetic modification or
cybernetic implants or of future superhuman artificial intelligence. Human
enhancement is an attempt to temporarily or permanently overcome the current
limitations of the human body through natural or artificial means. Human
enhancement may be through the use of technological means to select or alter
human characteristics and capacities, whether or not the alteration results in
characteristics and capacities that lie beyond the existing human range. Some
bioethicists restrict the term to the non-therapeutic application of specific
technologies — neuro-, cyber-, gene- and nanotechnologies — to human biology.
OR
Discuss the
Intellectual theories of religion.
2. Examine
the functional school to the study of religion.
Evolutionist understanding of religion, very much in fashion
during the nineteenth century, rested on mixture of positivism, intellectualism
and religious sentiments. The evolutionist theories serving from progressionist
understanding of religions were most often unsupported by evidence. In other
words, the history of religioir in particular, and society in general, was
constructed in a speculative manner with inadequate materials. The evolutionist
theories of religion explained religion in terms of inclividual thought
processes or psychological assumptions (e.g. 'awe', 'wonderstruck', 'dream'
etc.). This is unacceptable, said the critics of evolutionist theories
They considered religion a social phenomena. They argued
that social phenomenon can explained only in terms of social causes without
using natural or individual The evolutionists could not understand religion
because thq looked on religion as a mark of 'ignorance' and 'vehicle of
irrationality'. They sought to explain the origin of religion and society by relying
on the reports about or by observing the premodern or 'primitive' societies
known in their times. Here there was an implicit assumption (which is also
known as progressionist view) that the western industrialised societies (b which
the scholars belonged) were more advanced and more civilised than the rest. The
critics of evolutionism said that the assumption needed to be neutralised in
order to build a universal theory. They questioned.the correctness of
haphazardly collected facts about primitive societies and gave importance to
scientific collection of data. However, we should realize the significance of
these early pioneering studies. They opened up a new area of research and made
important statements upon which the later sociologists built their own theories
to account for the presence of religion in society.
You will learn more about this area of sociology as you read
this unit further. But the idea'of function for assigning meaning to religious
and other phenomena existed even before ethnologists and ethnographers
published painstakingly collected data about primitive and nonprimitive
societies. Early sociologists wrote about a functional relation between
political, religious, economic and moral action. They argued that changes in
any one of these areas brought corresponding changes in the others.
Functions of Religion 60 far we have discussed how Durkheim
criticised evolutionism, animism and naturism. Secondly, we discussed that
defining totemism as an elementary form of religion, Durkheim found the
sacred-profane dichotomy to be at the centre of any religion. The profane can
contact the sacred only by performing certain rites. If must be made explicit
that this division or opposition of the sacred and profane is such that it is
found in different forms and degrees in various religions. These rites are
derived from beliefs. The division of religious phenomena into two fundamental
categories, namely, beliefs and rites, corresponds to the difference between
thought and action. Hence we can speak in terms of cognitive and social
functions of religion.
Cognitiye Functions
Religion can mould people's thinking and so help them to
live ana adapt to their conditions of existence. One who participates in
religious practices, emerges as a superior 'person with strength and vitality
of face the world. This perception of religion has to be understood in the
context of Durkheim argument that religious has continued to survive ail along,
because it has fulfilled certain needs. Religion generates a particular mental
state within the individual, which raises one above oneself and ,helps us to
lead a superior life. Theories with science evoked a sharp criticism from
Durkheim. He argued that the fundamental categories of science like time, space,
number and cause, came out of one's religious quest. Said Durkheim (1964:9),
"Philosophy and sciences were born of religion, it is because religion
began by taking the place of the sciences and philosophy". Time, space and
numbers in fact reveal the "rhythm of collective activity" towards
the sacred. The categories like time, space, number, class, through which we
understand the world, came out of the collective activities of the primitives
towards the sacred. If that is so, these categories are collective
representations. At the level of cognition, these emerge from collective
response towards the sacred. -.
OR
Explain the
concepts and practices of secular and plural.
Assignment Two
Answer the
following Middle Category questions in about 250 words each. Each question
carries 10 marks. 3 X 10 = 30
3. Discuss
the theological and metaphysical bases of Hinduism.
Hinduism is followed by a vast majority of Indian population
(more than 80%). However, Hinduism is not confined to India only. The followers
of Hinduism, the Hindus, spread over to Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Bhutan, Burma, Indonesia, East and South Africa, the Caribbean Islands, Guyana,
Fiji, U.K., U.S.A. and Canada and in many other countries of the globe to a
lesser extent. Hinduism is an embodiment of a vast body of literature. M.N.
Srinivas and A.M. Shah (1972) point out that the doctrines of Hinduism are not
embodied in one sacred book, nor does Hinduism have a single historical
founder, There is a vast body of sacred literature in Hinduism. These are the
Vedas, Brahmanas, Upanisads, Vedangas, Dharmasastras, Niboudhas, Puranas,
Itihasas, Darsanas, Aganas, Mahabharata, etc. There are, not one, but
innumerable gods, and it is not essential to believe in the essence of god in
order to be a Hindu (358).
This facet of Hinduism keeps it tolerant and open to dissent
from within or without. Hence there are diverse interactions between the
theological or metaphysical and the local levels of Hinduism in practice. We
should recognise that it is very difficult to define Hinduism. Hinduism unites
a diverse elements of beliefs and practices into a continuous whole. It covers
the whole of life. It has religious, social, economic, literary and artistic
aspects. Hinduism, thus, resists a precise definition, but a common code of
characteristics that most Hindus share can be identified (The New Encyclopaedia
of Britannica, 1985: 935). Hinduism is the oldest of all great religions of the
world. In the process of social evoljution and change various sects have
developed in Hinduism. Each of the sects has distinctive sets of literatures,
Gods and Goddesses. However, fundamental to all Hindu sects is a set of eternal
belief systems centered around the Hindu concepts of Brahman (universal soul)
and Atman (individual soul), Dharma, Karma, Artha, Moksha and the ideas of
purity and pollution. Let us discuss these concepts putting them in a broad
societal contextof Hinduism.
OR
Examine the
Islamic institutions that govern inheritance.
4. Discuss
the social order in Christianity.
All Christians are under obligation to seek to make the will
of Christ supreme in our own lives and in human society. Means and methods used
for the improvement of society and the establishment of righteousness among men
can be truly and permanently helpful only when they are rooted in the
regeneration of the individual by the saving grace of God in Jesus Christ. In
the spirit of Christ, Christians should oppose racism, every form of greed,
selfishness, and vice, and all forms of sexual immorality, including adultery,
homosexuality, and pornography. We should work to provide for the orphaned, the
needy, the abused, the aged, the helpless, and the sick. We should speak on
behalf of the unborn and contend for the sanctity of all human life from
conception to natural death. Every Christian should seek to bring industry,
government, and society as a whole under the sway of the principles of
righteousness, truth, and brotherly love. In order to promote these ends
Christians should be ready to work with all men of good will in any good cause,
always being careful to act in the spirit of love without compromising their
loyalty to Christ and His truth.
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OR
Discuss the
factors for the decline of Buddhism in India.
5. Examine
the development of Sikhism.
It is among the most recently founded major organized
faiths, and stands at fifth-largest worldwide with about 25–30 million
adherents (known as Sikhs) as of the early 21st century. Sikhism developed from
the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the faith's first guru who
had rejected the teachings and ideologies of Hinduism and of the nine Sikh
gurus who succeeded him. The tenth guru, Gobind Singh (1666–1708), named the
Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib as his successor, bringing to a close the line
of human gurus and establishing the scripture as the 11th and last eternally
living guru, a religious spiritual/life guide for Sikhs. Guru Nanak taught that
living an "active, creative, and practical life" of
"truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" is above metaphysical
truth, and that the ideal man "establishes union with God, knows His Will,
and carries out that Will". Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh Guru
(1606–1644), established the concept of mutual co-existence of the miri
('political'/'tempor al') and piri ('spiritual') realms.
OR
Discuss the
concept of supreme God among tribes.
Assignment Three
Answer the
following Short Category questions in about 100 words each. Each question
carries 6 marks. 5 X 6 = 30
6. Distinguish
between religion and magic.
When we speak here of magic we are not referring to the
popular art of the “magician” who pulls a rabbit out of a hat or makes things
(apparently) disappear. Such “magicians” are just entertainers – illusionists –
who use various techniques to trick our eyes. In this discussion, the word
magic refers to occult practices performed by witches or sorcerers. Throughout
history, in many cultures, magic and religion came to be mixed to one degree or
another. Nonetheless, we can see there is a clear and precise difference
between these two realities. Religion is obedience (to God); magic seeks power
(over forces or beings). Religion requires faith and worship; magic seeks
control (over forces or beings). Religion requires us to change our lives;
magic wants to change others through manipulation.
While religion is defined by adoration, magic is defined by
dominion or control over supernatural forces or entities. It does not matter
whether these forces are good or evil; a witch or sorcerer seeks to harness
their power. In magic, one is not dealing with the transcendent, since God by
His very nature is omnipotent and therefore unable to be dominated. As such,
one is dealing with powers that, no matter how powerful they may be, can be
dominated by a technique.
On the contrary, in religion, the believer deals directly
with God, the Holy One, and a relationship exists between God and us – much
like a parent with his children – in which we submit to His will and obey His
commands.
7. What is
eschatology?
Eschatology /ˌɛskəˈtɒlədʒi/ ( listen) is a part of theology
concerned with the final events of history, or the ultimate destiny of
humanity. This concept is commonly referred to as "the end of the
world" or "end times". The word arises from the Greek ἔσχατος
éschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of",
and first appeared in English around 1844. The Oxford English Dictionary
defines eschatology as "the part of theology concerned with death,
judgment, and the final destiny of the soul and of humankind" In the
context of mysticism, the term refers metaphorically to the end of ordinary
reality and to reunion with the divine. Many[quantify] religions treat
eschatology as a future event prophesied in sacred texts or in folklore. Eschatologies
vary as to their degree of optimism or pessimism about the future. In some
eschatologies, conditions are better for some and worse for others, e.g.
"heaven and hell". They also vary as to time frames. Groups claiming
the end of times to be imminent are also referred to as doomsday cults.
8. What is
fundamentalism?
Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that
indicates unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefsHowever,
fundamentalism has come to be applied to a tendency among certain groups – mainly,
although not exclusively, in religion – that is characterized by a markedly
strict literalism as it is applied to certain specific scriptures, dogmas, or
ideologies, and a strong sense of the importance of maintaining ingroup and
outgroup distinctions leading to an emphasis on purity and the desire to return
to a previous ideal from which advocates believe members have strayed.
Rejection of diversity of opinion as applied to these established
"fundamentals" and their accepted interpretation within the group
often results from this tendency Depending upon the context, the label
"fundamentalism" can be a pejorative rather than a neutral
characterization, similar to the ways that calling political perspectives
"right-wing" or "left-wing" can have negative connotations.
9. What is
the value of secularism?
Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human
affairs based on secular, naturalistic considerations. It is most commonly
defined as the separation of religion from civic affairs and the state — which
in accordance with religious pluralism defines secularism as neutrality (of the
state or non-sectarian institution) on issues of religion as opposed to total
opposition of religion in the public square as a whole — while other views may
broaden it to a position concerning the need to remove or minimalize the role
of religion in any public sphere. The term has a broad range of meanings, and
in the most schematic, may encapsulate any stance that promotes the secular in
any given context. It may connote anticlericalism, atheism, antitheism,
naturalism, nonsectarianism, secularity, neutrality on topics of religion, or
the (complete) removal of religious symbols from public institutions. on
principles derived solely from the material world, without recourse to
religion.
10. What is
civil religion?
Civil religion, also referred to as a civic religion,is the
implicit religious values of a nation, as expressed through public rituals,
symbols (such as the national flag), and ceremonies on sacred days and at
sacred places (such as monuments, battlefields, or national cemeteries). It is
distinct from churches, although church officials and ceremonies are sometimes
incorporated into the practice of civil religionCountries described as having a
civil religion include France,South Korea the former Soviet Union and the
United StatesAs a concept, it originated in French political thought and became
a major topic for U.S. sociologists since its use by Robert Bellah in 1960.
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Those
students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated
study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment
status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. IGNOU BSOE 145 Free Solved Assignment 2022 All this
is available in an online mode. IGNOU BSOE 145 Free Solved Assignment 2022 After
submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after
3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.
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