MED 002

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Programme: MA/2021/2022

Course Code: MED 002

Max. Marks: 100

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IGNOU MED 002 Free Solved Assignment 2022

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MED 002 Free Solved Assignment

1. Explain major issues and challenges which confront sustainable development? Elucidate your answer with suitable examples. (10)

Global trends for sustainable development challenges

The challenges to sustainable development are influenced by socioeconomic, demographic, technological, and environmental trends which are seen to be the primary changes that transform society and considerably sway onto individuals. The formative advancement accomplished as of late combined with the unpredictable global economic changes have resulted in the following trends In a global financial crisis, the international community needs to put up development strategies to address impoverishment and sustainable development. If the socioeconomic progress stays lopsided, more costs are likely to be incurred because of environmental degradation.

Strategies for sustainable inclusiveness

The outcome document of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development gives direction to accomplishing the progress to sustainable development as approaches for increasing the prosperity of current and future generations. Sustainable development strategies should be comprehensive and take extraordinary consideration of the requirements of the poor and vulnerable. Strategies should be goal-oriented, action- and community-based, considering distinctive national conditions. The strategies should systemically transform usage and creation structures and may include, inter alia, colossal value corrections, empower the protecting of typical blessings, lessen inequalities, and strengthen the fiscal organization. Such a strategy should restrain such use and creation that have negative externalities, while at the same time trying to expand the kinds of utilization and creation that make positive externalities. Examples of restricting negative externalities include a decrease of ecological contamination, while instances of positive externalities incorporate, for instance, innovation adjustment, a decrease of food waste, and improve overall nutritional value.

Global challenges for sustainable development

Today, it is imperative to take note of that sustainable development is similarly substantial in developing and developed nations, despite them managing pearly inverse sides of the range. Although developed nations might be developed, that does not infer that they are sustainable. However, the primary objective of these nations should be to free their general public of issues like social inequalities, poor waste management and poor environmental management.

2. Discuss the disadvantages of unsustainable development in industrialization? Describe methods to overcome them. (10)

List of the Advantages of Industrialization

1. Industrialization brought us the current import-export market. Businesses use the concepts formed from industrialization to have a more abundant supply available for particular goods and services. When domestic demands were not enough to help optimize production levels, multinational firms began forming. Countries could expand their import and export markets for the goods getting made. The world started to see that the balance of trade was shifting to the producer, increasing the wealth of businesses, and adding tax revenues to society.

2. It allows us to become more productive. Industrialization brought us a series of new and useful items, hand tools, and additional ways to be productive. This benefit promptly led to the development of new channels and shipping methods that could carry more products and people from one place to another. That led to the creation of roads that could support higher traffic levels. Communication processes improved because of industrialization, eventually leading us to the telephone and fiber optic cables. Even machines like the loom allowed manufacturers to create more items in a shorter time. When electricity became available, then humanity’s standard of living increased even further because of these efforts.

3. Industrialization makes goods and services more affordable. Labor is the most expensive part of the manufacturing process for most industries. When people were creating items by hand, including books and clothing, then they needed to be compensated for their efforts. With machines helping humans to create products with greater speed, then the cost of labor per unit went down. This advantage applies to services because industrialization provided equipment that made jobs easier to complete. Imagine the difference between manually cleaning a rug versus using a vacuum cleaner. It is an advantage that eventually led to higher levels of income for everyone in the economy.

4. It improves the quality of life for each person and household. Before the world experienced industrialization, comfort and convenience were typically reserved for the wealthy, nobles, military leaders, and high-ranking politicians. The introduction of mass production changed how everyone could access goods or services. It was a change that led to mass production of numerous items, lower costs and improved availability to the average family.

5. Industrialization improved our medical care. The technological advances that led to our modern approach to medicine came about because of industrialization. Diagnostic equipment that we often take for granted today, such as MRI and CAT scans, wouldn’t be possible without this evolution. Factories made it easier to produce everything from scalpels to new laboratory equipment, making it possible for more people to become doctors, nurses, and caregivers.

3. Differentiate between inter-generational and intra-generational equity and justice with suitable examples. Discuss by giving examples how gender disparity can hamper environment protection and sustainable development. (10)

Intergenerational pertains to something which exist between generations while intergenerational exists between members of a single generation.

Etymology

Intergenerational came from the Latin words “inter” which means “between” and “generate” which means “to beget”. In comparison, intergenerational came from the Latin words “intra” which means “inside” and “generate” which means “to beget”.

Social Mobility

Intergenerational mobility is the change of social status from one generation to the next. For instance, someone with a “rags to riches” life story experiences this social mobility when his parents’ status is compared to his current status. On the other hand, intergenerational mobility is the change of social status which occurs within one’s lifespan. For instance, this occurs when the shift of a person’s socio-economic status is compared regarding his childhood and adulthood.

Intergenerational conflict

Intergenerational conflict is a disagreement or clash (often involving prejudice) in between generations such as parent’s vs children or grandchildren vs grandparents. For instance, the youth may discriminate the elderly during social events. On the contrary, Intergenerational conflict occurs within generations such as among children or among the elderly. For example, a group of teenagers may bully other “uncool” kids in campus.

Intergenerational equity

Intergenerational equity is a concept of fairness between the interaction of the youth and the elderly while intergenerational equity is concerned with the justice in between 0individuals belonging to a generation.

4. How can sustainable use of natural resources help achieve sustainable development? (10)

Sustainable development is the management of renewable resources for the good of the entire human and natural community. Built into this concept is an awareness of the animal and plant life of the surrounding environment, as well as inorganic components such as water and the atmosphere. The goal of sustainable development is to provide resources for the use of present populations without compromising the availability of those resources for future generations, and without causing environmental damage that challenges the survival of other species and natural ecosystems. The notion of sustainable development recognizes that individual humans and their larger economic systems can only be sustained through the exploitation of natural resources. By definition, the stocks of non-renewable resources, such as metals, coal, and petroleum, can only be diminished by use. Consequently, sustainable economies cannot be based on the use of non-renewable resources. Ultimately, sustainable economies must be supported by the use of renewable resources such as biological productivity, and solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy sources

5. Discuss various regional issues related to environment. Assess the initiatives taken towards environmental protection to achieve sustainable development. (10)

Human activities in past decades have raised serious issues related to environment and its conservation. Air pollution, poor management of its waste, growing water scarcity, falling ground water tables, water pollution, waste disposal, desertification, endangered species, preservation and quality of forest, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation, Global Climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, Global Warming, Greenhouse effect, Acidification, Ozone depletion and other local, regional and global level environmental problems and genetically modified foods are the current environment problem that make us vulnerable to disasters and tragedies now and in the future. In this chapter the essential aspects of environmental problems, causes, effects will be reviewed and some solution to overcome from the environmental issues. What is Environment? The word environment refers to all ecological units which are naturally present on earth in the form of land, water, air, soil, forest, sunlight, minerals, living organisms etc

This earth is full of natural surroundings, some are biotic and some are non-biotic. Biotic element are those elements like human, birds, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Whereas non-biotic elements are those which have no life like air, sunlight, water, land, soil, minerals etc. further it is also divided among four different sphere viz. biospheres, lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. In which hydrosphere is the largest part on the earth among all life on earth has become possible due to some kind of action and reactions between different kinds of resources that are present in environment. Currently, the situation of environment is very poor that could never be imagine by our ancestor in previous time. We have endlessly spoil our environment by using its resources in very wrong way. We can see that every day and everywhere pollution is rapidly increasing on earth where it is air, land, water or soil pollution, deforestation, acid rain, and other dangerous disasters created by the human beings through technological advancement.

Use of natural resources should be carefully planned and executed. For providing a better and healthy life to our forth coming generation. Environmental issues An environmental problem occurs when there comes a change in quality or the quantity of the environmental factor that directly or indirectly affect everything on earth. "Environmental issues are defined as problems with the planet's system (air, water, soil etc.) that have developed as a result of human interference or mistreatment of the planet." A variety of environmental problems now affect our entire world. As globalization continues and the earth's natural processes transform local problems into international issues. Some largest problems now affecting the world are: acid rain, air pollution, global warming, hazardous wastes, ozone depilation, smog, water pollution, overpopulation and rain forest destruction.

6. Describe various state and local development initiatives to address the inequality. Substantiate your answer with suitable examples. (10)

Reducing inequalities and ensuring no one is left behind are integral to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Inequality within and among countries is a persistent cause for concern. Despite some positive signs toward reducing inequality in some dimensions, such as reducing relative income inequality in some countries and preferential trade status benefiting lower-income countries, inequality still persists. COVID-19 has deepened existing inequalities, hitting the poorest and most vulnerable communities the hardest. It has put a spotlight on economic inequalities and fragile social safety nets that leave vulnerable communities to bear the brunt of the crisis. At the same time, social, political and economic inequalities have amplified the impacts of the pandemic. On the economic front, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased global unemployment and dramatically slashed workers’ incomes. COVID-19 also puts at risk the limited progress that has been made on gender equality and women’s rights over the past decades. Across every sphere, from health to the economy, security to social protection, the impacts of COVID-19 are exacerbated for women and girls simply by virtue of their sex. Inequalities are also deepening for vulnerable populations in countries with weaker health systems and those facing existing humanitarian crises. Refugees and migrants, as well as indigenous peoples, older persons, people with disabilities and children are particularly at risk of being left behind. And hate speech targeting vulnerable groups is rising.

7. Explain the following in about 250 words each:

(a) Community-based Civil Society Initiatives on Sustainable Development.

1. Innovative, sustainable solutions to address poverty. SDG no. 1 aims to “end poverty in all its forms, everywhere.” Poverty should not be viewed merely as the lack of income and resources, but rather a shortage of interconnected factors resulting in physical and psychological scarceness, lack of voice in decision-making, vulnerability to environmental shocks, and low confidence and self-esteem. International NGO World Vision has been reaching out to thousands of the poorest and most vulnerable households in Armenia. The program utilizes the Graduation Approach, a step-by-step, multi-sector intervention that supports the poorest households to achieve sustained income and move out of extreme poverty within a specified period.

2. Localizing the global goals, monitoring progress. The main challenge in advancing the SDGs is to make sure that the goals are effectively translated into national and local policies. In many countries, however, institutional arrangements are not in place to coordinate its implementation at the country level. Data is key to measuring progress, but collection and reporting systems are lacking. In view of its extensive presence on the ground, CSOs can contribute to localizing the SDGs, and monitoring progress. In Georgia, the Institute for Development of Freedom of Information is laying the foundation for institutionalizing a system of scorecards and indicators to monitor the nationalization and progress of the global goals in the country. A web-based electronic monitoring system for SDGs will enable government institutions to report on the implementation of the global goals. While it is important to ensure the accuracy of these data, the real test is to be able to collect data to measure nationalized SDG indicators.

3. Promoting citizen-centric, collaborative governance. Most CSOs in developing countries in Asia operate at grassroots levels, and thus in general have active engagement with local actors and citizens. They can capitalize on their social mobilization competencies and strong presence in the local social network to draw feedback from citizens on the delivery of public services. The concept of “co-production” is a strategic approach, where citizens produce or improve existing services that they use themselves without relying so much from public agencies. Co-production engages citizens not as mere passive recipients of, but as active participants in public services. It is the driving force of an open, and collaborative governance which ensures more inclusive public service delivery.

(b) Integration of Scientific and Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable Development.

Traditional knowledge is the indigenous knowledge possessed by various local communities accumulated through traditional and present day to day activities. The basis of this knowledge lies in relating community and its social, economic and cultural activities to local environment. The term “Traditional Knowledge” is described in literature as follows: “Traditional knowledge is a cumulative body of knowledge, know-how, practices and representations maintained and developed by peoples with extended histories of interaction with the natural environment. These sophisticated sets of understandings, interpretations and meanings are part and parcel of a cultural complex that encompasses language, naming and classification systems, resource use practices, ritual, spirituality and worldview.

Experience has demonstrated that quite often scientific methods and resulting approaches in specific communities or localities do not work. For example, several genetically engineered new varieties of plants have failed to give expected results in different localities. Several biodiversity conservation methods have failed as the strategies adopted were not compatible with the local system. The process of change is not accepted by the people, it cannot be sustained. On the other hand if the people are able to contribute their local resources and practices into the process of change, the development becomes not only sustainable but also gets accelerated. The attainment of sustainable development calls for balanced interrelated policies aimed at economic growth, poverty reduction, human welfare and social equity amongst all nations and communities. Governments all over the world and other stakeholders have realis end that it is not only necessary to respect varied cultures and traditions but also that the enrichment of diversity is in itself the path for overall sustainable development.

(c) Sustainable Agriculture Practices.

Sustainable Farming Methods or Practices

1. Make use of Renewable Energy Sources The first and most important practice is the use of alternate sources of energy. The use of solar, hydro-power or wind-farms is ecology friendly. Farmers can use solar panels to store solar energy and use it for electrical fencing and running of pumps and heaters. Running river water can be a source of hydroelectric power and can be used to run various machines on farms. Similarly, farmers can use geothermal heat pumps to dig beneath the earth and can take advantage of earth’s heat.

2. Integrated pest management Integrated pest management is a combination of pest control techniques for identifying and observing pests in the initial stages. One also needs to realize that not all pests are harmful, and therefore it makes more sense to let them co-exist with the crop than spend money eliminating them. Targeted spraying works best when one need to remove specific pests only. This not only helps you to spray pest on the selected areas but will also protect wildlife from getting affected.

(d) Innovative Practices in Sustainable Development of Water and Energy Resources. (5x4=20)

The benefits of water and energy provision to poverty alleviation and economic progress are often accompanied by impairment of ecosystems with potentially harmful effects over nature and significant but unquantified costs. These benefits comes with increasing water scarcity, higher exposure to droughts and with extended impacts over the natural ecosystems that are increasingly transformed. Global warming, population growth, urbanization and growing consumption of water and energy continue to disrupt our already fragile ecosystem. These unsustainable trends are reinforced by market and political drivers that still tend to favor further developments of water intensive activities in arid and semiarid areas where there is not much water available. This is also a trend in emerging economies some of them in Asia and Africa are dangerously short of water. For example China has 20% of the world’s population but only 7% of its fresh water and half the population and most of the agricultural and manufacturing growth tend to concentrate in the Northern half where water resources per head are only 200 cubic meters per year per person only one fifth of what is conceived as a safe standard. But infrastructures are only one part of the assets required for the provision of the water and energy services we depend on. Human development depends also on the environment which is a complex collective asset that ultimately provides the water and energy services, on which life and the economy depends on. Moreover increasing and competing demands on water and energy as well as the changes required to cope with them may compromise the potential of nature to sustain economic progress and continue providing other valuable environmental services.

8. Explain the following in about 250 words each:

(a) Cooperatives and Sustainable Development

As we approach the Millennium Development Goals’ (MDGs) target date of 2015, global, regional, national and online thematic consultations have been taking place to frame the post-2015 global development agenda. A consensus on goals, targets and indicators for sustainable development will have to be reached before the end of 2015. The big questions revolve around the ways the international community will respond to the pressing issues of economic development, environmental protection and social equity in a sustainable manner. In total, about one billion people are involved in cooperatives in some way, either as members/ customers, as employees/participants, or both. Cooperatives employ at least 100 million people worldwide. It has been estimated that the livelihoods of nearly half the world’s population are secured by cooperative enterprises. The world’s 300 largest cooperative enterprises have collective revenues of USD 1.6 trillion, which are comparable to the GDP of the world’s ninth largest economy Spain.

(b) Sustained Livelihood

Sustainable Livelihood emerges at the intersection of development and environmental studies to offer a new way to think about work, especially the work of vulnerable populations (e.g., low income population living in the bottom of the pyramid, indigenous communities, etc.). The term reflects a concern with extending the focus of poverty studies beyond the physical manifestations of poverty to include also vulnerability and social exclusion. The term "Sustainable" refers to an individual's ability to provide for themselves in such a manner that is viably long. "Sustainability" also refers to the ability to undergo external shocks or stresses and recover from such traumas through maintaining or improving one's livelihood. The sustainable livelihood framework provides a structure for holistic poverty alleviation action. Common adaptations of a sustainable livelihood framework focus on dynamic, human-centered programs aimed at reducing poverty. COVID-19 in addition to other social, economic, and political crises, have made situations of the poor more difficult

(c) Initiatives of the South Asian Countries towards the betterment of the environment.

South Asia has some of the largest and biologically rich marine ecosystems, such as the Gulf of Manner, Atolls of Maldives and Mangroves of Sundarbans. The presence of perennial rivers such as the Brahmaputra, Ganges, Godavari, Indus, Kelan, Magna, etc. have contributed to large networks of backwaters, estuaries, salt marshes and mangroves. The region, bordered to the north by the Himalayas and to the south by the Indian Ocean, covers a diversity of ecosystems from lush tropical forest to harsh, dry desert. The South Asian Seas (SAS) provides habitats for endangered marine turtles, for example the Green and Olive Ridley turtles. Some of the largest coastal lagoons of the world such as Chalke Lake in India and Puttable lagoon in Sri Lanka are located within the region. The Lakshadweep and Nicobar group of islands of India and a few regions of Sri Lanka have fringing reefs. But if the marine environment of South Asian Seas is remarkable, the environmental problem the region faces are all too mundane: expanding human populations, oil transport across the Arabian Sea, heavy use of agricultural and industrial chemicals, harmful fishing practices, and ill-planned land use.

(d) Sustainable and non-sustainable activities

Scientists spent several decades trying to help people understand the impact of human activities on the environment. As a society, we have come a long way since the first environmental protection efforts began. However, America’s rolling back of many of those protections took several steps back from national sustainability efforts. There are unsustainable activities to address at the private levels as well.

1. Wasting Food and Water Nutritious food and clean water make up the cornerstone of human survival. In spite of this, people all around the world waste billions of food and water every year. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that, on average, each American family wastes 9,400 gallons of water each year. When it comes to food waste, the sustainability problem is arguably worse. The EPA estimates that food waste reaches 133 billion pounds per year, which is almost a third of the available food supply.

2. Buying One-Use Plastics At the start of 2019, Jamaica went from having the highest per capita use of plastic bags to banning plastic bags and plastic straws. Many have wondered when America and other developed nations might take similar steps. From 1960 to the present time, the plastic waste management problem has grown exponentially in America. The vast majority of plastic waste ends up in landfills, and none of it can be composted. To make matters worse, it can take up to 1,000 years to break down plastic.

4. Overpopulating Cities When it comes to America’s landmass, 97% of the entire region is considered rural. This makes it even more surprising to find that 80% of the population lives in the 3% that counts as urban centers. When governments and private organizations focus their investments only on urban centers, this contributes to environmental and infrastructure-based problems. It also threatens economic sustainability in rural areas, causing people to move to the cities. This perpetuates the cycle.

5. Contaminating Resources Unfortunately, overpopulation, fossil fuel dependency and waste management problems all increase the risks of contaminating natural resources. Urban centers, farming districts and industrial facilities produce a lot of waste that can contaminate the soil and groundwater, if not managed properly. If this continues, soils will yield less nutritious food and smaller harvests. Similarly, the freshwater crisis might only grow worse.

IGNOU MED 002 Free Solved Assignment 2022: IGNOU MED 002 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Solved Assignment 2022: Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Alongside assignment status, they will also checkout their assignment marks & result. IGNOU MED 002 Free Solved Assignment 2022 All this is often available in a web mode. After submitting the assignment, you'll check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. it'd take 40 days to declare.

 

Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. IGNOU MED 002 Free Solved Assignment 2022 All this is available in an online mode. IGNOU MED 002 Free Solved Assignment 2022 After submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.

 

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