MED 003 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Programme: MA/2021/2022
Course Code: MED 003
Max. Marks: 100
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1. Describe the production technologies used to process wind energy.
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using
electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind turbines use wind to make electricity.
Wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a
generator, which creates electricity. A wind turbine turns wind energy into
electricity using the aerodynamic force from the rotor blades, which work like
an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade. When wind flows across the blade,
the air pressure on one side of the blade decreases. The difference in air
pressure across the two sides of the blade creates both lift and drag. The
force of the lift is stronger than the drag and this causes the rotor to spin.
The rotor connects to the generator, either directly (if it’s a direct drive
turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a gearbox) that speed up the
rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator. This translation of
aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.
The Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) works with industry partners to increase the performance and reliability of next-generation wind technologies while lowering the cost of wind energy. The office's research efforts have helped to increase the average capacity factor (a measure of power plant productivity) from 22% for wind turbines installed before 1998 to an average of nearly 35% today, up from 30% in 2000. Wind energy costs have been reduced from over 55 cents (current dollars) per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in 1980 to an average of under 3 cents per kWh in the United States today. To ensure future industry growth, wind industry technology must continue to evolve, building on earlier successes to further improve reliability, increase capacity factors, and reduce costs.
Wind energy technologies available for licensing from U.S.
Department of Energy laboratories and participating research institutions can
be found on the DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Energy
Innovation Portal. View all WETO next-generation technologies research and
development projects by visiting the WETO Projects Map and selecting Program
Area: Next-Generation Technology Development and Manufacturing.
2. Analyze the use of energy in relation to sustainability.
The energy consumptions pattern and its sustainability
influence the urban agglomerations and population growth in cities. There are
many studies and literature, which address the ways of sustainability and
energy efficiency in cities and urban environments. The development of
economic, social and environmental sectors is the tackle point to achieve
effective sustainability in an urban environment “triple bottom line”. Modern
cities become a target for the urban population due to the effectiveness in
providing resources for all kinds of services (e.g., water, food, energy) in
order to meet the livelihood requirements . The metabolism theory considers the
cities like a living organism, which can be represented by different growth
stages in their life cycle such as childhood, youth, maturity, aging, disease,
or renewing youth .According to this theory, the city needs resources and energy
for implementation of the metabolism energy flows [ The current projections
indicate that more than 66% of the world’s population will live in cities by
2050, while in Jordan the urban population compromises more than 80% of the
total population and greater Amman municipality includes more than 43% of
population within its borders. On the other hand, the urban buildings and
agglomerations that based on sustainable effective planning can help in
founding the modern cities, which provide high comfort to the population
services and energy efficiency standards.
Applying this concept in Amman City, the focus is not limited only to the quantity and quality of these services but shall consider the adopted methodology to deal with its operations within the urban environment, the pattern of energy consumption, and the driving forces of consumption of resources.
The energy consumption pattern is an essential part
of the city services and becomes a metabolic theory in urban areas, which
constitute a reference framework in integrated urban energy systems. The
residential requirements account for about 36% of the total electricity
consumption amount of Amman [8], according to this figure, adopting practical
efficient energy reduction strategies could reduce the related costs of energy
consumption.
Since 2011, the instability in Middle East region and fluctuations of the oil global market have strongly affected the fossil energy consumption such as oil and natural gas, this can be addressed by some economic consequences which are reflected by the oil price instability. Taking into consideration, the political consequences of the unstable neighboring countries to Jordan, these conditions besides the environmental factors stress the need for shifting towards sustainable energy resources in Jordan.
Investigating the
pattern of energy consumption is a crucial issue to determine the priorities of
the transformation process, which shall lead to take an action towards
sustainable urban consumption in the energy sector in Jordan. Therefore, the
main objective of this study is to analyze and identify the pattern of energy
efficiency and electrical energy consumption in Jordan taking Amman City as a
case study.
3. Discuss the factors that need to be considered in energy economics.
Like many commodities, the markets for electricity, natural
gas, oil, and renewable energy are complex – and constantly changing. In fact,
most energy prices change hourly. Fundamental economic factors – like supply
and demand – are relatively predictable, but when you add political and
regulatory factors to the mix, as well as financial speculation, forecasting
energy prices becomes more challenging. As one of the fastest-growing energy
consulting firms in the country and the premier energy procurement specialist
in the Mid-Atlantic region, we track the markets daily, analyzing trends and
using that information for the benefit of our clients.
In our experience, here are the top ten factors that can
influence the price of energy:
Supply. Energy from nuclear, coal, gas, oil, and renewable
sources reacts quickly in response to the available supply (or lack thereof).
This is a key contributing factor to price fluctuations, which can occur on an
hourly basis.
Demand. Demand for heating, cooling, light, and processes
varies in response to demand in terms of economic, technological, and
efficiency measures.
Gas Storage. This is a term for energy “inventory” (since
you can’t store electricity), i.e. the difference between supply and demand.
Gas injections and withdrawals are announced weekly, and prices adjust
accordingly.
Weather Forecasts. The predicted weather forecast, as well
as actual weather events, are important considerations, affecting spot market
prices and short-term contracts. Whether the forecast becomes reality is less
critical to longer-term prices.
Generation Changes. While seemingly more localized, these
changes can have a broad effect on the markets.
Nuclear. Retirement of older plants as they require
re-licensing can cause fluctuations.
Coal. Coal plant conversions to natural gas to avoid
scrubbing-technology costs can also cause fluctuations
Transport. Across the U.S. there are severe constraints in
gas pipeline and electrical transmission capacity, which take time and
investment to reverse. With the difficulty of transportation, prices rise.
Global Markets. Despite the massive growth in shale gas
production, major changes in global oil supplies can affect U.S. domestic
energy costs.
Imports and Exports. Global oil and gas prices determine
relative profits suppliers can make selling fuels domestically or overseas. All
energy prices are connected to some degree.
Government Regulation. Federal (FERC) and state (PUCs)
regulations can change both supply and demand costs quickly and significantly,
which, as noted above, affects the cost of energy
Financial Speculation. Like most other traded commodities,
energy prices can be affected significantly by financial speculation, which is
the least transparent factor of all. If a market doesn’t seem to be following
the direction indicated by supply or demand-related factors, the cause is
almost always financial speculation, which is largely invisible and causes
unexpected movements.
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4. Elaborate on “Cleaning-Up” of fossil and nuclear technologies.
In most discussions of energy and climate, coal figures
prominently as one of the villains. Burning coal is responsible for more than a
third of all energy-related U.S. carbon dioxide emissions and 80 percent of
those from electricity production. It is also one of the largest contributors
of air pollution, acid rain and even toxic environmental mercury. But because
coal is so inexpensive and plentiful—at the current rate of domestic demand,
the U.S. has enough coal to last for 250 years— nations find it hard to abandon
the fuel without risking economic ruin. The clean-coal technology developed at
Great Point Energy (with offices in Chicago and Cambridge) might represent a solution
to that dilemma, however. CEO Andrew Perlman advanced that argument in his
keynote speech here last night at the Going Green East conference in Boston.
(Here are our previous posts on Going Green East.) Great Point Energy was just
named overall winner in the Going Green East 50 Top Private Companies list,
which recognizes exceptional organizations based on clean technology.
Many environmentalists view “clean coal” as a contradiction
in terms because of the damage caused by mining and burning it, but Great Point
Energy’s “hydromethanation” approach might come closest to deserving that
description. The key is that it does not burn coal at all: rather, through a
three-step catalytic chemical process, it converts coal into natural gas
(methane), which burns more cleanly and produces less carbon dioxide than other
fossil fuels. Pollutants, including the generated CO2, would be collected for
sale or sequestration.
That process is fundamentally different from traditional
coal gasification, in which coal reacts with extremely hot, pressurized water
and air to yield “syngas,” a flammable mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
5. Explain the working of small hydropower plant. (10)
Most small hydropower plants are “run-of-river” schemes. The
power is generated only when enough water is available from the river/stream.
When the stream/river flow reduces below the design flow value, the generation
ceases, as the water does not flow through the intake structure into the
turbines. Small-scale hydropower plants within existing water infrastructure
have four main advantages compared to those which utilize rivers and streams
(KUCUKALI 2011):
· All
civil works are already present, which can reduce the investment cost for new
infrastructure by about 50%.
·
Facilities have no significant environmental impacts, and will have a
guaranteed discharge (and production rate) throughout the year.
· The
generated electricity can be used in the water supply system, with excess
electricity sold to the government.
·
There will be no land acquisition or significant operating costs.
While water resources are valued for human health and for
sustaining food production, the energy contained in moving water such as rivers
or tides can also be harnessed to create energy through hydropower or
mechanical uses. Hydropower schemes can both be small-scale or large scale,
depending on the local conditions and the energy demand, and represent a
renewable energy source that can be implemented wherever there is running
water. Globally, 1.4 billion people lack access to electricity, with an additional
1 billion having only intermittent access (UNDP 2012). As running water is a
resource that is globally available and renewable, harnessing its power to
generate electricity can provide a sustainable source of energy to improve
livelihoods and increase working productivity. Particularly in rural or
developing areas, small-scale hydropower can represent a locally available,
reliable source of energy where no other energy generation is feasible.
6. Discuss the principle underlying solar thermal technologies.
The basic principle of solar thermal heating is to utilize the
sun’s energy and convert it into heat which is then transferred into your home
or business heating system in the form of hot water and space heating. The main
source of heat generation is through roof mounted solar panels which are used
in conjunction with a boiler, collector or immersion heater. The solar
collector will use the sun’s rays to heat a transfer fluid which is usually a
mixture of water and glycol (antifreeze) which prevents the water from
freezing. The heated water from the collectors is pumped to a heat exchanger
which would be inside the water tank in your home. The heat from the exchanger
will then heat the water inside the tank. After the liquid releases its heat,
the water will flow back to the collectors for reheating. A controller will
ensure that the fluid will circulate to the collector when there is sufficient
heat available.
Solar thermal system
components
The collector is the main component of a solar thermal
system and would in most cases be installed on the roof of the property. The
collector contains specially coated reinforced glass pipes to capture the
radiation emitted from the sun, which can then be transferred into heat. The
pipes themselves will be embedded in an insulated container to prevent heat
energy being lost. The heat transfer fluid in the pipes will include
eco-friendly antifreeze and will circulate through the collector and hot water
tank. In terms of the hot water tanks, there are two kinds that would be in
operation. The first is used for heating drinking water and would normally
consist of a steel tank filled with drinking water and a heat exchanger.
The second would be a combination tank which would supply
both drinking water and hot water to the heating system. The tank that
incorporates the duel system would in fact have two smaller tanks inside to
keep the water separated for the different tasks. There would also be two heat
exchangers which would connect to the collectors and the boiler. The solar
water heating system would be connected to the lower exchanger and the boiler
to the above exchanger.
The whole system can be operated from a solar thermal
controller which can be automated. When the temperature at the collectors rises
to a specific temperature above the temperature in the storage tank, the controller
will automatically switch on the pump and the transfer fluid heated in the
collector will be sent to the hot water tank. A typical collector storage tank
can hold up to 30 gallons per person.
7. Elaborate on Power to the people: A Ten-Point agenda for change.
People power can take many forms depending on what kind of
change you’re looking to achieve and who has the power to make that change
happen—whether it’s a government, company, community or individual.
1. Consumer Pressure The voices of many can now match the
marketing budgets of even the biggest brands, making consumer pressure an
effective way to influence companies to change their ways. Companies, and the
brands they own, are more and more responsive to people power in the digital
age. Studies show that people prefer brands they know and trust. As a result,
brands are sensitive to public pressure and will go to great lengths to protect
their reputation. A brand includes the entire experience a person has with a
product or service including the name, visuals, feel, communication style,
taste and sound.
2. Corporate Pressure People can also directly influence
companies by asking for the help of shareholders, employees, investors or
partners of the company. Anybody who has the potential to pressure a company’s
investors, leaders or even employees has the ability to influence corporate
behavior. Because of its directness, corporate pressure can work quickly if you
can engage these special groups of people.
3. Political Pressure There are many ways to influence
governments and politicians, all of which can shift laws, policies and
regulations. Governmental and political structures are complex and vary widely
across the globe and local laws can restrict the ability of organizations to
engage in politics. Here are some widely used (and effective) political pressure
tactics.
4. Raising Awareness Exposing a problem is often the first
step to harnessing people power. People will only invest energy and time in a
campaign when they understand why it’s important, how they can help and what
the solution is. Awareness campaigns are often combined with other
people-powered change strategies that give people ways to act.
5. Organizing Organizing is a form of leadership.
Identifying, recruiting and developing skills that help others act and become
leaders themselves builds a community’s ability to control the forces that
affect it. Large-scale change is possible when organizing is coordinated across
many communities at the same time.
6. Volunteering Volunteers bring new skills, energy and
ideas to a campaign or organization (and may also increase how much you can get
done). The benefit goes both ways: volunteers give skills, knowledge and time
while receiving experience, new friends and satisfaction.
7. Crowdsourcing The internet is enabling large groups of
people to take on tasks, get involved in decision making, and contribute to
solving specific problems. Crowdsourced campaigns organize efforts across
communities, social networks and groups to draw on a deeper pool of creativity,
knowledge and resources.
8. Donating investigations, and education, pay for equipment
and much more. Money is important, of course, but people can also donate goods
that can be used or sold. Donations also offer a way for the donor to connect
with a cause they are passionate about and see the good their money, goods or
services can do out in the world.
9. Behavior Change Behavior change has been (and remains) a
goal of many advocacy campaigns. Activists have, for example, urged people to
choose tap water over bottled water, recycle their waste, or purchase
fair-trade products. Online platforms and social networks are rewriting the
role people play in behavior change campaigns. Word of mouth is more powerful
than ever in the digital age: People can quickly learn what family, friends and
colleagues believe through social media like Facebook, Twitter, or even text
messages. Furthermore, people are increasingly making decisions based on the
influence of peers and people like them as trust in brands and more traditional
institutions like media or government plummets.
10. Non-Violent Direct Action (NVDA) Individuals and groups
of people can disrupt or stop the work of companies, governments and other
actors causing harm. These non-violent direct actions can raise the level and
quality of public debate, engage people and provoke action from those with the
power to change law and policy. Efforts led by Gandhi and Martin Luther King,
Jr. are often used as classic examples, but NVDA has a long history around the
globe with thousands more examples big and small every year.
8. Write
short notes on the following (not exceeding 200 words):
a) Biomass
potential and its advantages (5)
Biomass is a renewable source of energy, derived from
burning animal and plant waste. Almost all industries including agriculture,
forestry, colleges/universities, municipalities, hotels, resorts, sports
venues, hospitals and correctional facilities, produce waste that can be
converted to heat and electricity.
Biomass is always and widely available as a renewable source
of energy. The organic materials used to produce biomass are infinite, since
our society consistently produces waste such as garbage, wood and manure.
2. It is carbon neutral. As a natural part of
photosynthesis, biomass fuels only release the same amount of carbon into the
atmosphere as was absorbed by plants in the course of their life cycle.
3. It reduces the overreliance of fossil fuels. Not only is
there is a limited supply of fossil fuels, but fossil fuels come with
environmental baggage, including the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere and the pollutants that result from removal, transportation
and production.
4. is less expensive than fossil fuels. While fossil fuel
production requires a heavy outlay of capital, such as oil drills, gas
pipelines and fuel collection, biomass technology is much cheaper.
Manufacturers and producers are able to generate higher profits from a lower
output.
5. Biomass production adds a revenue source for
manufacturers. Producers of waste can add value by channeling their garbage to
create a more profitable use in the form biomass energy.
6. Less garbage in landfills. By burning solid waste, the
amount of garbage dumped in landfills is reduced by 60 to 90 percent, and
reduces the cost of landfill disposal and amount of land required for landfill.
b) Benefits
of Demand Side Management (5)
Demand-side management (DSM) programs encourage customers to
reduce their energy use when energy demand (and consequently energy prices) are
highest, and/or shift their usage to times when cheap, renewable energy is
plentiful on the grid.
Benefits of
demand-side management
Demand-side management programs can benefit customers – both
those who participate in the programs and those who do not. Participating
customers benefit by spending less money on electricity bills.
Non-participating customers can save money, too, because the programs shift
electricity usage away from times where demand is highest to times when energy
is cheapest. This reduces the need to build new power plants and limits our
reliance on the expensive fossil-fuel “peaked” power plants currently in
service. Finally, demandside management can benefit the environment by
increasing the use of renewable energy when it is available and reduce fossil
fuel usage. Many customers with electricity-intense processes (think large
industrial and manufacturing organizations) currently use the demand-side
management programs described above. Businesses invest in the most
energy-efficient equipment to reduce their operating costs. They often
participate in demand response programs, too, cutting usage when they get the
signal from their utility in exchange for reduced electric rates.
c)
Non-hydro renewable energy resources (5)
The latest issue of EIA's "Electric Power Monthly"
(with data through August 31, 2019) reveals that solar and wind both showed
continued growth. Solar, including small-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) systems,
grew 13.7% compared to the first eight months of 2018 and accounted for a bit
more than 2.7% of total electrical output. Small-scale solar (e.g., distributed
rooftop systems) - which increased by 19.1% - provided nearly a third (32.6%)
of total solar electrical generation. The growth rate of distributed solar was
greater than that of any other energy source.
In addition, US wind-generated electricity increased by
4.4%, accounting for 6.94% of all electricity produced in the country.
Combined, wind and solar accounted for 9.64% of US electrical generation
through the end of August. Biomass power plants provided 1.4% (increasing by
2.5%) and geothermal contributed almost 0.4% (reflecting 3.2% growth). In
total, non-hydro renewable sources (i.e., biomass, geothermal, solar, wind)
accounted for 11.44% of total US electrical production during the first
two-thirds of 2019 and grew by 6.15% compared to the same eight-month period in
2018.
d)
Limitations of Clean Development Mechanism (5)
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), defined in Article 12
of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission-reduction or
emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to
implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects
can earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent
to one ton of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets. The
mechanism is seen by many as a trailblazer. It is the first global,
environmental investment and credit scheme of its kind, providing a
standardized emissions offset instrument, CERs. A CDM project activity might
involve, for example, a rural electrification project using solar panels or the
installation of more energy-efficient boilers. The mechanism stimulates
sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized
countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction or
limitation targets.
e)
Radioactive waste (5)
Radioactive wastes are stored to :(1) allow some radioactive
wastes to decay to nonradioactive wastes, (2) reduce transport risks; (3)
provide lag storage between waste generator, treatment, and disposal sites; (4)
simplify disposal; and (5) manage radioactive wastes until disposal facilities
become available.
For radioactive wastes containing only radionuclides with
half-lives measured in days or weeks, such as some medical and research
isotopes, storage for weeks or months eliminates the radioactivity and converts
the radioactive waste into a nonradioactive waste. The general rule-of-thumb is
that a waste stored for 10 times the half-life of the primary radionuclide is
no longer a radioactive waste
f) Energy
end use in commercial sector
Industry accounts for a large share of global energy
end-use. Depending on how the term industry is defined in different reports,
the industry accounts for between 25% and 50% of global energy end-use. In 2014
the industrial sector used 43,300 Tw/year or 36% of the world’s total energy
end-use (IEA, 2017). About half of the energy end-use in the chemical and
petrochemical industry comes from oil, and most of the remaining energy end-use
emanates from natural gas. The iron and steel industry mainly uses coal in its
processes. Both industries also use a lot of electricity. More than half of the
energy end-use in the cement industry comes from coal, while the remainder is
relatively evenly distributed between electricity, natural gas, and oil, and a
very small part of biomass. For the pulp and paper industry, almost half of
energy end-use comes from fossil fuels, while the remaining share is biofuels.
Electricity is the dominant energy form for the aluminum industry, while almost
half of the energy end-use is fossil fuels.
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MED 003 Free Solved Assignment 2022 All this is often available in
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Those
students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated
study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment
status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. IGNOU MED 003 Free Solved Assignment 2022 All this
is available in an online mode. IGNOU MED 003 Free Solved Assignment 2022 After
submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after
3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.
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