MEV 004 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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MEV 004 Solved Assignment 2022-23

MEV 004

   ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT 2022 – 2023

Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal marks. 5x20=100

1. Define Environmental toxicology. Describe some sources of toxicants harmful to the environment and human health.

Environmental toxicology is a multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical agents on living organisms. Ecotoxicology is a subdiscipline of environmental toxicology concerned with studying the harmful effects of toxicants at the population and ecosystem levels. Rachel Carson is considered the mother of environmental toxicology, as she made it a distinct field within toxicology in 1962 with the publication of her book Silent Spring, which covered the effects of uncontrolled pesticide use. Carson's book was based extensively on a series of reports by Lucille Farrier Stickel on the ecological effects of the pesticide DDT. Organisms can be exposed to various kinds of toxicants at any life cycle stage, some of which are more sensitive than others. Toxicity can also vary with the organism's placement within its food web. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism stores toxicants in fatty tissues, which may eventually establish a trophic cascade and the biomagnification of specific toxicants. Biodegradation releases carbon dioxide and water as by-products into the environment.

This process is typically limited in areas affected by environmental toxicants. Harmful effects of such chemical and biological agents as toxicants from pollutants, insecticides, pesticides, and fertilizers can affect an organism and its community by reducing its species diversity and abundance. Such changes in population dynamics affect the ecosystem by reducing its productivity and stability. Although legislation implemented since the early 1970s had intended to minimize harmful effects of environmental toxicants upon all species, McCarty (2013) has warned that "longstanding limitations in the implementation of the simple conceptual model that is the basis of current aquatic toxicity testing protocols" may lead to an impending environmental toxicology "dark age". Environmental toxins are unavoidable. They are in the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, and many household items we use every day. Largely invisible, most go undetected and are harmless if exposure is limited. However, growth in industrial manufacturing, fossil fuel consumption, and chemical-intensive crop production has dramatically changed the scale and complexity of humans’ exposure to environmental toxins, which can carry health risks ranging from mild skin irritation to deadly illness. Addressing the threat that environmental toxins pose to public health is not as simple as identifying harmful substances and eliminating them. Many of the products and processes contributing to environmental pollution are integral to modern life, and efforts to limit their use are challenged by a lack of research into their effects and by powerful economic forces.

Despite those challenges, the need to limit human exposure to toxins grows as scientists and health workers increase their understanding of the threat. The Global Alliance on Health and Pollution estimates that toxic pollutants are responsible for 15 percent of all premature deaths worldwide. Public health professionals, including those with advanced education from programs such as Tulane University's Online Master of Public Health, are on the front line of efforts to reduce the amount of sickness and death that result from exposure to environmental toxins, providing crucial research and services, guiding public policy, and advocating for communities that face the greatest risks.

Common Misconceptions About Toxins

For some, the term “environmental toxin” evokes only man-made pollution, but naturally occurring substances can be just as harmful. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are toxic to humans, as are some animal venoms, mushrooms, and molds. Arsenic, a naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in the Earth’s crust, has many practical applications; it can be found in wood preservatives, pesticides, feed additives, and materials used to make car batteries and semiconductors. Arsenic is also highly toxic. In large enough amounts, it can damage vital organs and cause death.

Toxins and Industrialization

Though environmental toxins cannot be neatly categorized as organic or synthetic, the correlation between the increasing threat of toxins and industrialization is undeniable. Dangers associated with any given toxin are largely factors of amount and exposure, and industrial processes have fundamentally changed both.

The ubiquity of plastics and other synthetic materials, large-scale application of fertilizers and pesticides necessary for industrialized agriculture, the pharmaceutical industry as we know it — all are relatively new. These products have introduced a multitude of chemicals into the environment, and their effects on humans are incredibly complex and largely unknown. While our understanding of the toxic effects of modern chemicals is incomplete, some of the dangers associated with industrialization are well established. The World Health Organization estimates that outdoor air pollution accounts for more than 4 million deaths annually due to stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases. Major sources of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil in industrial production, the operation of motor vehicles, waste incineration, and building heating.

Challenges of Determining Exposure and Risk

A particular toxic substance can exist in multiple forms (liquid, solid, vapor) and enter the body through multiple routes (ingestion, inhalation, skin contact). Not limited to a single setting (industrial, residential, agricultural) or medium (water, air, soil, plant, animal, manufactured goods), opportunities for exposure are numerous. The changeable nature of environmental toxins makes it difficult to establish their presence and level, much less their complex relationship with human biology. Consequently, consensus on the effects of toxins and the degree of danger they pose is rare, even inside the scientific community. Definitively establishing causal links with specific diseases can be exceedingly difficult.

 2. Describe the various exposure routes of toxicants in the human body with suitable examples.

3. What are chemical toxicants? Describe in detail the exposure classes with reference to air, water and soil pollutants.

4. Describe carcinogens and their effects on the human body.

5. Write short notes on:

a) Mutagens

b) Detoxification

6. Explain the various sources of teratogens and their effects. Describe the process of teratogenesis and the mechanism of action.

7. Explain the use of biomarkers and biosensors in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity prevention.

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Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. MEV 004 Solved Assignment 2022-23 All this is available in an online mode. MEV 004 Solved Assignment 2022-23 After submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.

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