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B.P.Y – 008
Modern
Western Philosophy IGNOU BPY 008 Solved Assignment 2023-24
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Q1. Discuss some crucial features of modern western philosophy.
Modern Western
philosophy, which typically encompasses the period from the 17th century to the
present day, is characterized by several crucial features that have shaped its
development and continue to influence contemporary philosophical thought. Here
are some of the key features of modern Western philosophy:
Rationalism and
Empiricism: One of the defining features of modern Western philosophy is the
tension between rationalism and empiricism. Rationalists, like René Descartes,
argue that reason and innate ideas are the primary sources of knowledge, while
empiricists, like John Locke and David Hume, contend that knowledge is derived
from sensory experience. This debate has had a profound impact on epistemology
and the philosophy of mind.
The
Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was a philosophical and intellectual movement
in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individual
rights. Philosophers like Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Rousseau played
central roles in the Enlightenment. It led to significant advancements in
political philosophy, ethics, and the understanding of human nature.
Metaphysical
and Epistemological Skepticism: Modern Western philosophy has grappled with
skepticism about metaphysical and epistemological issues. Skeptical arguments,
such as those presented by David Hume, have raised questions about the limits
of human knowledge, causation, and the foundations of belief. These challenges
have led to important developments in epistemology and metaphysics.
Critical
Examination of Religion: Modern philosophy saw a shift towards a more critical
examination of religion. Philosophers like Voltaire, Spinoza, and Hume
questioned religious dogma and its role in society, contributing to the
development of secularism and the separation of church and state.
Ethical and
Political Philosophy: Modern Western philosophy has given rise to significant
developments in ethical and political philosophy. Figures like John Stuart
Mill, Immanuel Kant, and John Rawls have explored topics such as
utilitarianism, deontology, social contract theory, and human rights, laying
the groundwork for contemporary debates in these areas.
Idealism and
Materialism: Modern philosophy has witnessed a tension between idealism and
materialism. Idealists, like George Berkeley and G.W.F. Hegel, argue for the
primacy of ideas or the mind, while materialists, like Thomas Hobbes and Karl
Marx, emphasize the physical and material aspects of reality. This debate
continues to influence philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and political
philosophy.
Phenomenology
and Existentialism: In the 19th and 20th centuries, movements such as
phenomenology (founded by Edmund Husserl) and existentialism (associated with
philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus) emerged as major forces in
Western philosophy. Phenomenology focuses on the study of human consciousness
and the structures of experience, while existentialism explores questions of
human existence, freedom, and authenticity.
Analytic and
Continental Philosophy: In the 20th century, a distinction emerged between
analytic and continental philosophy. Analytic philosophy, associated with
thinkers like Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein, emphasizes precision,
logical analysis, and language. Continental philosophy, represented by figures
like Martin Heidegger and Jacques Derrida, tends to be more focused on
existential and phenomenological themes and often employs complex and poetic
language.
Interdisciplinary
Approaches: Contemporary Western philosophy increasingly adopts
interdisciplinary approaches, drawing on insights from other fields such as
cognitive science, linguistics, psychology, and neuroscience. This
cross-disciplinary engagement has enriched and expanded the scope of
philosophical inquiry.
Pluralism and
Diverse Perspectives: Modern Western philosophy has become increasingly
pluralistic, embracing a wide range of perspectives, including feminist
philosophy, postcolonial philosophy, critical race theory, and environmental
philosophy. This diversity reflects a commitment to addressing issues of social
justice, identity, and the environment.
These features
represent some of the central themes and developments in modern Western
philosophy. While philosophy has evolved over the centuries, these features continue
to shape the field and inform contemporary debates and inquiries into the
nature of knowledge, reality, ethics, and human existence.
Explain and analyze
Kant’s Idea of space and time.
Q2. Explain and
analyze Hegel’s dialectic.
Or
Explain, “cogito, ergo
sum.”
Q3. Answer any two of the following questions in about
200 words each.
a) What is the idea of
Free Will? How does Hume criticize the idea of free will?
b) “Monads are
windowless.” Explain.
c) What is an Innate
Idea? How Locke criticizes the concept of innate ideas?
d) Evaluate August
Comte’s idea of Positive Philosophy.
Q4. Answer any four of the following questions in about
150 words each.
a) Write a note on
Spinoza’s idea of God?
b) Examine Locke’s
refutation of Innate Ideas.
c) “Thoughts without
content are empty and intuitions without concepts are blind.” Explain this
dictum of Kant.
d) Write an essay on
Descartes’ mind-body dualism.
e) What is
pre-established harmony?
f) What does Spinoza
understand from ‘mind as the idea of the body’?
Q5. Write short notes on any five of the following in
about 100 words each.
a) Categorical
imperative
b) Causal Parallelism
c) Abstract Ideas
d) Descartes’ idea of
substance
e) Bacon’s Scientific
Method
f) Logical Positivism
g) Historical
Materialism
h) Strawson’ idea of
metaphysics
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