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B.P.Y – 009
Contemporary
Western Philosophy IGNOU BPY 009 Solved Assignment 2023-24
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1. Write an essay on the contribution of J. L. Austin and P. F. Strawson in the development of ordinary language philosophy.
J.L. Austin and
P.F. Strawson are two prominent figures in the development of ordinary language
philosophy, a movement within 20th-century analytic philosophy that emphasized
the importance of everyday language in understanding philosophical problems and
concepts. Their contributions have had a profound impact on the field,
challenging traditional philosophical approaches and introducing new
perspectives. In this essay, I will discuss the contributions of both Austin
and Strawson to the development of ordinary language philosophy.
John Langshaw
Austin (1911-1960) is often regarded as one of the key figures in the emergence
of ordinary language philosophy. His work, particularly his philosophy of
language, brought a fresh perspective to the study of language and meaning.
Austin's contributions can be summarized in the following ways:
Speech Act
Theory: Austin's work is best known for his development of speech act theory.
He introduced the idea that when we use language, we are not just conveying
information or describing the world; we are also performing various speech
acts, such as making promises, giving orders, or making assertions. Austin
categorized these speech acts into three main types: locutionary acts (the
actual words spoken), illocutionary acts (the intended force or function of the
utterance), and perlocutionary acts (the effect of the utterance on the
listener). This theory revolutionized the study of language, highlighting the
importance of context and intention in understanding the meaning of linguistic
expressions.
Ordinary
Language Analysis: Austin advocated for analyzing ordinary language use as a
way to clarify and resolve philosophical problems. He believed that many
philosophical puzzles arise from misunderstandings of how words are used in everyday
speech. By examining the subtleties and nuances of ordinary language, Austin
argued that philosophers could dissolve many traditional philosophical debates.
Sense and
Sensibilia: In his work "Sense and Sensibilia," Austin engaged in a
critical examination of sense-data theory, a prevalent view in epistemology at
the time. He argued that philosophers often used misleading and ill-defined
language when discussing sense data, and he aimed to show how ordinary language
could be used to better address questions related to perception and knowledge.
P.F. Strawson
(1919-2006) was another significant contributor to ordinary language
philosophy. He built upon Austin's insights and further developed the movement.
Strawson's contributions can be summarized as follows:
Descriptive
Metaphysics: Strawson argued for the importance of descriptive metaphysics,
which involves examining how we actually use language to talk about the world,
rather than engaging in overly abstract or theoretical metaphysical
speculation. He believed that philosophers should start by looking at how
language is naturally used and build their metaphysical theories from there.
Ontology:
Strawson's work on ontology challenged traditional ontological debates. He
argued that philosophers should focus on the way we categorize and talk about
the world in ordinary language, rather than engaging in abstract debates about
the existence of entities. This approach, known as descriptive ontology, has
had a significant impact on contemporary metaphysics.
Individuals and
Persons: Strawson's influential work, "Individuals: An Essay in
Descriptive Metaphysics," offered a detailed analysis of the concept of a
person. He emphasized that our use of language presupposes the existence of
individual persons, and this insight has had implications for discussions on
personal identity and the philosophy of mind.
In conclusion,
the contributions of J.L. Austin and P.F. Strawson to the development of
ordinary language philosophy have been substantial. They emphasized the
significance of examining everyday language use to clarify philosophical
problems, introduced the concept of speech acts, and advocated for a shift
toward descriptive metaphysics. Their work challenged traditional philosophical
approaches and laid the foundation for a more linguistically and contextually
sensitive analysis of philosophical issues. Ordinary language philosophy
continues to influence contemporary philosophy, particularly in the philosophy
of language, metaphysics, and epistemology.
Discuss and evaluate
Wittgenstein’s picture theory.
2. Discuss Husserl’s
idea of epoche.
Or
Discuss and evaluate
William James’ theory of Pragmatism.
Q3. Answer any two of the following questions in about
200 words each.
a) How did Heidegger
show that the ontological possibility of Dasein’s totality and authenticity
becomes ontically concrete?
b) Explain
Kierkegaard’s idea of philosophy as a philosophy of leap.
c) Evaluate the idea of
body in Marcel’s philosophy.
d) Critically examine
Sartre’s idea that human is condemned to be free.
Q4. Answer any four of the following questions in about
150 words each.
a) Explain the idea of
Rationality in Max Weber’s Philosophy.
b) Critically evaluate
Marx’s idea of historical materialism.
c) What does Gadamer
understand by the idea of linguisticality of understanding?
d) “World is the
totality of facts, not things.” Discuss.
e) What is
structuralism?
f) What are the
contributing factors for the frustration of human beings, as discussed by
Albert Camus?
Q5. Write short notes on any five of the following in
about 100 words each.
a) Eidetic Reduction
b) Idea of Availability
in Marcel’s philosophy
c) Langue
d) Family Resemblance
e) Post-Modernism
f) Private Language
g) Language as
discourse
h) The Oedipus Crisis
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