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B.P.Y.E – 001
Philosophy
of Religion IGNOU BPYE 001 Solved Assignment 2023-24
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NOTE: All questions
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1. Discuss and examine cosmological arguments to prove the existence of God?
Cosmological
arguments are a class of philosophical arguments that aim to demonstrate the
existence of God based on the existence of the cosmos or the universe. These
arguments are rooted in the idea that there must be a first cause or an
uncaused cause that brought the universe into existence. Several versions of
cosmological arguments have been proposed throughout the history of philosophy.
Here, we'll discuss and examine some of the key cosmological arguments:
The Kalam
Cosmological Argument:
This argument,
popularized by medieval Islamic scholars, begins with the premise that the
universe had a beginning, a finite point in the past. It asserts that
everything that begins to exist has a cause. Therefore, the universe must have
had a cause.
Examination:
Critics argue that the Kalam argument assumes that causality operates outside
the universe as it does within it, which might not be the case. Furthermore,
the claim that the universe had a definite beginning is still a topic of debate
in modern cosmology.
The Leibnizian
Cosmological Argument:
This argument,
developed by the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, is based on the
principle of sufficient reason. It posits that everything has a reason or
explanation for its existence. Since the universe exists, it must have a
sufficient reason, which is God.
Examination:
Critics contend that while the principle of sufficient reason is a valuable
tool for explaining things within the universe, it doesn't necessarily apply to
the universe itself. Additionally, the argument's conclusion is not necessarily
a theistic God and may simply refer to an unknown natural explanation.
The Contingency
Argument:
This argument,
often associated with Thomas Aquinas, is rooted in the idea that everything in
the universe is contingent, meaning it relies on something else for its
existence. To avoid an infinite regress of contingent beings, there must be a
necessary being (God) that provides the ultimate explanation for the existence
of contingent things.
Examination:
Critics argue that the distinction between contingent and necessary beings is
not universally accepted and may not apply to the universe as a whole.
Moreover, the argument's conclusion hinges on the assumption that there cannot
be an infinite regress of causes, which some philosophers dispute.
The Argument
from Causality:
This argument
asserts that every event has a cause, and every cause is itself an effect of a
prior cause. This chain of causality cannot regress infinitely, so there must
be a first cause that initiated the entire sequence, which is identified as
God.
Examination:
Critics argue that while causality seems to hold within the universe, it may
not necessarily apply to the universe as a whole. The argument assumes that
causality operates similarly at both cosmic and human scales.
The Argument
from the Principle of Sufficient Reason:
This argument
is based on the principle of sufficient reason, which holds that everything has
a reason or explanation for its existence. The argument posits that the
universe's existence requires an ultimate explanation, which is God.
Examination:
Critics raise questions about the applicability of the principle of sufficient
reason to the universe as a whole. They argue that the existence of the
universe might not require an external explanation.
In conclusion,
cosmological arguments attempt to establish the existence of God based on the
need for a first cause or uncaused cause to explain the existence of the
universe. While these arguments have a long history and continue to be debated,
they are not universally accepted and have faced criticisms related to their
premises, assumptions, and the applicability of causality and principles like
the principle of sufficient reason at the cosmic level. Whether one finds these
arguments convincing depends on their philosophical and theological perspective.
Describe main
assumptions and features of Sociological approach to the origin of religion.
2. Describe the main
features of three traditional approaches to understand religious language.
Or
Explain and examine
Max Weber’s approaches to Religion.
Q3. Answer any two of the following questions in about
200 words each.
a) Write an essay on
the possibility of inter faith dialogue.
b) Discuss problems
related to Religious Fundamentalism.
c) Discuss various
arguments against theism.
d) Write a note on
religious pluralism.
Q4. Answer any four of the following questions in about
150 words each.
a) How does Spinoza
prove the existence of God?
b) Write a note on
Kant’s idea of God.
c) “God is simple.”
Analyze.
d) Do you agree that
theological statements are not testable? Justify your answer.
e) “Language is sacred
substance.’’ Prove.
f) Discuss Rudolf
Otto’s phenomenological method to analyze religious experience.
Q5. Write short notes on any five of the following in
about 100 words each.
a) Dharma
b) Theological
Predicates
c) Agnosticism
d) Problem of Evil
e) The ‘Wholly other’
f) Atheism
g) Post-modern
Religion
h) Unmoved mover
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