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E.S.O – 13
Sociological Thought IGNOU ESO 13 Solved Assignment 2023-24
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NOTE: All questions are compulsory.
Section I
Answer the following in about 500 words each.
Q1. Discuss Marxian theory of historical Materialism.
Marxian
historical materialism, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is a
central concept in Marxist theory. It is a framework for understanding the
development of societies and historical change, primarily based on the material
conditions of production and class struggle. Historical materialism posits that
the economic structure of a society shapes its political, social, and cultural
aspects. Here are the key components of the Marxian theory of historical
materialism:
Base and
Superstructure: Marxian historical materialism conceptualizes society as having
two main components: the economic base (or mode of production) and the
superstructure. The economic base consists of the means of production (e.g.,
land, labor, and capital) and the social relations of production (e.g.,
property ownership, class relationships). The superstructure includes
institutions, culture, politics, law, religion, and ideology.
Economic
Determinism: At the core of historical materialism is the idea that the
economic base largely determines the superstructure. In other words, the way in
which society organizes production and distribution has a profound impact on
other aspects of social life. Changes in the economic base lead to changes in
the superstructure.
Historical
Development: Marx and Engels argued that societies evolve through different
historical stages, primarily driven by changes in the mode of production. These
stages include primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and,
eventually, communism. Each stage is characterized by specific social
relations, property forms, and class structures.
Class Struggle:
Historical materialism emphasizes the role of class struggle in propelling
historical change. The tensions and conflicts between different social classes,
particularly between the ruling class (e.g., bourgeoisie) and the working class
(e.g., proletariat), are seen as the primary drivers of societal transformation.
Marx and Engels famously summarized this idea in the Communist Manifesto with
the phrase, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history
of class struggles."
Dialectical
Materialism: Marxian historical materialism is deeply influenced by dialectical
materialism, which is a philosophical framework that sees history as a process
of dialectical contradictions and conflicts. Contradictions in the economic
base give rise to conflicts, leading to changes in the mode of production and,
subsequently, social progress.
Revolution and
Transition: Historical materialism envisions revolution as a critical moment in
the transition from one mode of production to another. For example, the
transition from capitalism to communism would involve a proletarian revolution
to overthrow the capitalist class and establish a classless society.
Critique of
Capitalism: Marx's critique of capitalism is grounded in historical
materialism. He argued that capitalism, while promoting industrialization and
technological progress, also led to exploitation, alienation, and social
inequality. The contradictions within capitalism, such as the inherent conflict
between labor and capital, were seen as driving forces for change.
Communism as
the Ideal State: Marxian historical materialism envisions communism as the
ideal state where class distinctions and private property are abolished, and
the means of production are collectively owned and democratically controlled.
In this classless society, individuals would have their needs met based on
"from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."
While
historical materialism has been influential in shaping Marxist thought and
political movements, it has also faced criticism. Critics argue that it
oversimplifies complex historical processes and underestimates the significance
of cultural and ideological factors in shaping societies. Nevertheless, it
remains a foundational concept in Marxist analysis and a lens through which
many social, economic, and political issues are examined.
Q2. Discuss Durkheim’s view on social solidarity.
Section II
Answer
the following in about 250 words each.
Q3. Explain Pareto’s theory of circulation of elites analysis.
Q4. Critically examine functional approach of Parsons.
Q5. Explain Radcliffe-Brown’s concept of social structure.
Q6. What is bureaucracy? Outline its salient features.
Section III
Answer
the following in about 100 words each.
Q7. Distinguish between latent and manifest functions.
Q8. What do you understand by ‘reference group’?
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