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E.S.O – 15
Society and Religion IGNOU ESO 15 Solved Assignment 2023-24
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NOTE: All questions are compulsory.
Section
I
Answer
the following in about 500 words each.
Q1. Explain the functional theories of religion.
Functional
theories of religion, often associated with the works of scholars like Émile
Durkheim, Bronisław Malinowski, and Talcott Parsons, focus on the social and
psychological functions that religion serves within a society. These theories
highlight how religion plays a role in maintaining social order, providing
meaning, and offering a sense of belonging. Here are some key aspects of
functional theories of religion:
Social Cohesion
and Integration: Durkheim, one of the early proponents of functionalism, argued
that religion serves as a vital social glue, bringing individuals together to
form a cohesive community. Religious rituals and ceremonies create a sense of
belonging and solidarity among members of a society. By participating in
religious activities, people reinforce their shared values, norms, and beliefs,
which, in turn, fosters social integration.
Moral and
Social Order: Religion often provides a moral framework and guidelines for
acceptable behavior within a society. It helps maintain social order by
promoting values and norms that discourage deviant or disruptive actions.
Religious teachings can establish a moral code that guides the behavior of
individuals, contributing to stability and cooperation in a community.
Crisis
Management: Religion offers solace and a coping mechanism during times of
personal and collective crises. It provides individuals with a sense of purpose
and meaning, helping them navigate challenging circumstances, such as grief,
illness, or natural disasters. The belief in a higher power or a divine plan
can be a source of emotional support.
Psychological
Benefits: Functionalist theories also emphasize the psychological functions of
religion. It can offer individuals a sense of security, purpose, and hope.
Religious beliefs and practices can alleviate anxiety and provide a framework
for understanding the world and one's place in it.
Integration of
New Members: Religious institutions often play a role in initiating and socializing
new members into a community. Through rituals like baptism, confirmation, or
initiation ceremonies, religion helps integrate individuals into the social
fabric of the community and reinforces the group's values and norms.
Legitimation of
Authority: Religion can legitimize the authority of political and social
institutions. Rulers and governments have often been closely tied to religious
institutions, with religious leaders endorsing or validating the power
structures in society. This can help maintain the status quo and promote social
stability.
Education and
Socialization: Religious institutions often serve as educational and
socializing agents, teaching moral values, ethics, and cultural traditions.
This contributes to the transmission of cultural heritage and social norms
across generations.
Conflict
Resolution: In some cases, religion can also serve as a means of conflict
resolution and reconciliation. Religious leaders and rituals can be
instrumental in mediating disputes and reconciling conflicting parties,
promoting peace and harmony.
It's important
to note that functionalist theories of religion have been critiqued for
overlooking the potential negative aspects of religion, such as its role in
reinforcing social inequalities, justifying oppressive systems, or causing
conflicts. Critics argue that not all religious functions are inherently
positive or beneficial for society.
While
functionalist perspectives provide valuable insights into the roles that
religion plays in social and psychological life, it's essential to consider
these alongside other sociological theories, such as conflict theory and
symbolic interactionism, which offer alternative viewpoints on religion's place
in society.
Q2. Describe the Mukanda or circumcision ritual practised by the
Ndembu
Section
II
Answer the following in
about 250 words each.
Q3. Explain the psychoanalytic approach to rituals.
Q4. Discuss Weber’s understanding of religion and economy.
Q5. Outline the nature and development of civil religion
Q6. Explain the origins of Veerashaivism.
Section
III
Answer the following in
about 100 words each.
Q7. Who is a shaman?
Q8. What are confirmatory rituals?
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