MPCE 012 PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS Solved Assignment 2021-22

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MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22

SECTION – A

1. Describe the various data sources for psychological assessment.

The purpose of the Data Archive is to promote more multicultural psychology research by CMPR faculty, associates, research fellows and students via the secondary analysis of existing datasets. Therefore, we have selected datasets that have significant numbers of cultural, racial, and ethnic groups and/or multiculturally relevant variables and elements. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 A primary reason for developing a data archive is that collecting data on culturally diverse populations can be challenging. In addition, secondary analyses of data sets can also serve as an excellent training opportunity for students.

The Consortium Data Archive is available ONLY to CMPR faculty, associates, research fellows and students under the direction of the designated Principal Investigator for a specific dataset.

As a technical term, ‘psychological assessment’ refers to methods developed to describe, record, and interpret a person’ behavior, be it with respect to underlying basic dispositions (traits), to characteristics of state or change, or to such external criteria as expected success in a given training curriculum or in psychotherapeutic treatment. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Methods of psychological assessment and testing constitute a major technology that grew out of psychological research, with widespread impact in educational, clinical, and industrial/organizational psychology, in counseling and, last but not least, in research itself.

In the most general sense, all assessment methods share one common feature: they are designed so as to capture the enormous variability (between persons, or within a single person) in kind and properties of behavior and to relate these observed variations to explanatory dimensions or to external criteria of psychological intervention and prediction. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 As a distinct field of psychology, psychological assessment comprises (1) a wide range of instruments for observing, recording, and analyzing behavioral variations; (2) formalized theories of psychological measurement underlying the design of these methods; and, finally, (3) systematic methods of psychodiagnostic inference in interpreting assessment results. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In this chapter all three branches of psychological assessment will be covered and major methods of assessment will be reviewed.

Assessment methods differ in the approach taken to study behavioral variations: through direct observation, by employing self-ratings or ratings supplied from contact persons, by applying systematic behavior sampling techniques (so-called ‘tests’) or through studying psycho-physiological correlates of behavior. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In this chapter these alternative approaches are dealt with in Section 20.6 as different data sources for assessment. An alternative classification of assessment tools follows a typology of assessment tasks: developmental assessment in early or late childhood, vocational guidance testing, assessment in job selection or placement, intelligence testing, or psychological assessment in clinical contexts such as diagnostics of anxiety states. Some of these will be dealt with, albeit in an exemplary rather than exhaustive fashion.

Before reviewing different data sources and practical applications of psychological assessment, the history, heuristics, and goals of assessment will be briefly looked at, to be followed by the explanation of a so-called process chart of psychological assessment. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This will enable the reader to appreciate different functions of psychological assessment in studying and interpreting variations in human behavior. Following these three introductory sections, basic psychometric and ethical/legal standards of assessment and psychodiagnostic inference are dealt with in Section 20.4. By present understanding and professional standards, psychological assessments and tests cannot be applied responsibly without proper psychometric and ethical/legal grounding. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Psychological assessment procedures in general and psychological tests in particular, must not be mistaken for stand-alone procedures, they cannot be applied responsibly in the absence of profound psychometric qualification and sufficient familiarity with the conceptual basis of an assessment procedure, within which it has been developed and beyond which its results should not be interpreted. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example, tests of intelligence originate in specific operationalizations of what is to be understood by intelligence. Individual scores on a test of intelligence must not be interpreted beyond the limits set by the theoretical-conceptual basis of that test. Of course, from this follow also stringent rules of professional procedure as regards minimum qualifications to be requested from persons who may apply methods of assessments outside contexts of supervision (Bartram, 1998).

MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Download Question Paper

Not surprisingly for a field that is broad in scope and practical applications, there is a rich introductory textbook literature available (see the Resource References for a sampler). MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 While some topics, like psychometric measurement theory or culture-fair testing of basic information-processing capacities, will hold without much variation across cultures, many assessment methods, especially in personality and clinical testing, must be viewed as ethnic-embedded and culture-related. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In that case special standards have to be observed in cross-cultural testing and when adapting psychological tests, for example, of functions of intelligence, from one language area or culture to another. Of course, this poses also problems of presentation in this Handbook, as we look upon psychological science from an international perspective. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In this chapter, the following compromise has been adopted: in the main part of the chapter psychological assessment and testing are dealt with (1) in a generalistic manner and (2) with examples mainly from the English-language and German-language literature, simply for reasons of greater familiarity on the part of the present author. To counterbalance this unavoidable cultural bias, four further sections 20.8-20.11 provide comparative overviews of assessment methodologies in other languages, viz. Chinese (Mandarin), French, Russian, and Spanish, each one written by a distinguished author from that language region. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This selection of additional language areas still cannot achieve the desirable full breadth of inter-nationality, yet it is the authors’ (and Editors’!) intention and hope that in this way at least some widening of international perspective is achieved.

Throughout this chapter the term ‘behavior’ is used in a generic sense, including also verbal and other expressions of internal experience, of feelings, emotions, perceptions or attitudes. Similarly, the term ‘psychological assessment’ is used to cover all kinds of assessment technology, including, for example, projective techniques and objective behavior tests. ‘Psychodiagnostics,’ as preferred in some languages, is understood as synonymous to ‘assessment.’ MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Finally, unless stated otherwise, the word ‘person’ is used to refer to the individual whose behavior is being assessed (thus avoiding such expressions as ‘testee,’ ‘interviewee,’ ‘assessee,’ or ‘subject’).

The historical roots of present-day psychological testing and assessment go back to 1882 and the work of Sir Francis Galton in Great Britain and to pioneer studies in individual differences, by James McKeen Cattell in 1890, in the United States. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 During the last decade of the nineteenth century many prototypes of what later were to become mental tests were published: for the study of individual differences in memory performance, in reasoning or speed of perception, for example. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In 1897 Hermann Ebbinghaus, already famous for his monumental experimental pioneer work on human memory, devised new reasoning tests (e.g., following a sentence-completion design) to be used in school-settings. And in 1895 the French psychologist and lawyer Alfred Binet published, together with Victor Henri, the first edition of his ‘échelle mentale,’ a scaled series of short tests designed to measure level of intellectual development in six-year-old children to guide in educational placement and counselling. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 At the same time we also find first attempts towards the development of assessment procedures in clinical contexts, e.g. by the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin.

2. Define creativity. Discuss the ways to assess creativity.

Creativity is the act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality. Creativity is characterised by the ability to perceive the world in new ways, to find hidden patterns, to make connections between seemingly unrelated phenomena, and to generate solutions. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Creativity involves two processes: thinking, then producing.

“Creativity is a combinatorial force: it’s our ability to tap into our ‘inner’ pool of resources – knowledge, insight, information, inspiration and all the fragments populating our minds – that we’ve accumulated over the years just by being present and alive and awake to the world and to combine them in extraordinary new ways.” — Maria Popova, Brainpickings

“Creativity is the process of bringing something new into being. Creativity requires passion and commitment. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It brings to our awareness what was previously hidden and points to new life. The experience is one of heightened consciousness: ecstasy.” – Rollo May, The Courage to Create 

Is this possible in business? I believe so, but you have to be willing to take risks and progress through discomfort to get to the finish line.

“A product is creative when it is (a) novel and (b) appropriate. A novel product is original not predictable. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The bigger the concept, and the more the product stimulates further work and ideas, the more the product is creative.”

—Sternberg & Lubart, Defying the Crowd

Creativity begins with a foundation of knowledge, learning a discipline, and mastering a way of thinking. You can learn to be creative by experimenting, exploring, questioning assumptions, using imagination and synthesing information. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Learning to be creative is akin to learning a sport. It requires practice to develop the right muscles and a supportive environment in which to flourish.

Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something somehow new and somehow valuable is formed. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The created item may be intangible (such as an idea, a scientific theory, a musical composition, or a joke) or a physical object (such as an invention, a printed literary work, or a painting).

Scholarly interest in creativity is found in a number of disciplines, primarily psychology, business studies, and cognitive science, but also education, the humanities, technology, engineering, philosophy (particularly philosophy of science), theology, sociology, linguistics, the arts, economics, and mathematics. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 These disciplines cover the relations between creativity and general intelligence, personality type, mental and neural processes, mental health, or artificial intelligence; the potential for fostering creativity through education and training; the fostering of creativity for national economic benefit, and the application of creative resources to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning.

Creativity in general is usually distinguished from innovation in particular, where the stress is on implementation. For example, Teresa Amabile and Pratt (2016) defines creativity as production of novel and useful ideas and innovation as implementation of creative ideas, while the OECD and Eurostat state that "Innovation is more than a new idea or an invention. An innovation requires implementation, either by being put into active use or by being made available for use by other parties, firms, individuals or organisations."

Creativity is one of those traits that people seem to have an intrinsic understanding of, but if you actually ask them to define it, they get tripped up. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It’s easy to come up with a list of creative people (Frida Kahlo, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, Einstein), and the outcomes of creativity (a novel, an invention, a new way of looking at the world), but it’s difficult to wrap your head around the actual concept of creativity. The more I researched this article, the more I realized creativity is an incredibly nuanced phenomenon.

Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Learn more in: Student-Faculty Joint Research as a Strategic Alliance for Knowledge Co-Creation in Academia

Creativity is a simple concept that can be difficult to get your head around. In its most basic sense, creative means "original and of high quality" (Perkins, 1981, p. 6). MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The girl's school spirit poem was of high quality, but it was workmanlike and derivative. The boy's self-analysis poem was original, and the poetic composition and word choice were fine; he just needed to attend to the quality of the mechanics. Of course, a poem that is uninterpretable or meaningless, no matter how original, can't be creative.

What does it look like when schoolwork is original and of high quality? Probably the foremost characteristic of creative students is that they put things together in new ways (Brookhart, 2010). MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example, while writing a poem about a sunset, a student who observes that moment when the sunset looks very much like a sunrise and makes the connection to other endings that can also foreshadow beginnings is more creative than a student who describes that moment as "red and fiery."

Students who are able to put things together in new ways can observe things others might miss, construct more novel products, give more novel performances, use more unusual or unconventional imagery to make points, observe ordinary things and find in them an area to wonder about or a problem to solve, and the like.

Not all schoolwork, even performance assessments, supports this sort of thinking. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Before you can assess creativity, you need to make sure that the tasks you set for students are conducive to creativity.

Myriad opportunities for fostering creativity are right under our noses in school, because learning is a generative act. However, what's missing in many classrooms is deliberately noticing and naming opportunities for creativity when they occur, giving feedback on the creative process, and teaching students that creativity is a valued quality.

Brainstorming in any subject can be a creative activity. Elementary teachers who ask students to begin the writing process with a graphic organizer, list, or outline can give feedback on the originality of the ideas as well as their suitability for the writing assignment. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example, an elementary teacher might ask students to list several farm animals, imagine a funny situation that might happen to each, and then pick one animal and write a story about it.

Science teachers who have students brainstorm a list of hypotheses to test can give feedback on the originality of ideas as well as their suitability for the experiment that the students will design. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example, a teacher might mention that her coffee cools too quickly in the cup and then ask students to brainstorm a list of things that might slow down the cooling process, write a hypothesis about each one, and design an experiment to test one hypothesis.

Assignments that require students to produce new ideas or reorganize existing ideas in a new way are likely to foster student creativity. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In mathematics, asking students to identify a problem for which multiplication would be useful in finding the solution requires more creativity from them than giving students a multiplication word problem to solve. Similarly, in music, an assignment in which students write an original melody requires more creativity than one in which they analyze a preexisting melody.

Assignments that require students to put two things together are also likely to promote creativity. For example, in English language arts, asking students to write or speak about how The Adventures of Tom Sawyer would have been different had Huckleberry Finn been the main character sparks more creativity than asking students to discuss the character of Tom Sawyer. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In social studies, asking students how the events that led up to World War I might be handled if they happened today fosters more creativity than asking students to discuss the causes of World War I.

Students will still exhibit a range of originality and quality in their work, even in response to these more creative prompts. Teachers can give feedback on both of these aspects of the work.

Sometimes teachers and students think that any assignment that allows student choice is conducive to creativity. Although that may be true in general, only assignments that allow student choice in matters related to what the student is supposed to learn develop student creativity in the area under study. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example, if you ask students to compare characters in two novels and allow them to choose the characters or novels, they have the opportunity to develop creativity in their approach to literary criticism. However, if you ask students to compare two specified characters and just give them choices about whether they want to write an essay, give a speech, or write a song, students will not have that opportunity.

3. Describe any three projective tests.

Projective test, in psychology, examination that commonly employs ambiguous stimuli, notably inkblots (Rorschach Test) and enigmatic pictures (Thematic Apperception Test), to evoke responses that may reveal facets of the subject’s personality by projection of internal attitudes, traits, and behaviour patterns upon the external stimuli. Projective tests are also used, less frequently, to study learning processes. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Other projective methods involve requiring subjects to build wooden block structures, complete sentences, paint with the fingers, or provide handwriting samples; additional methods include association tests in which spoken words serve as the stimuli.

Projective tests are personality tests which is conducted in psychology and is done in order to understand the stimuli of the person.

Besides this, the test also reveals different types of hidden emotions of a person – it also helps you to understand the internal conflicts of a person. This is also known as the objective test or a self-report test.

The responses received from this test are properly analyzed by the experts – the presumptions are analyzed on the basis of a universal standard.

The primary purpose of projective tests is to measure and evaluate one’s individual personality. The results which are obtained as the outcome of the tests are helpful in understanding the strengths, weakness and other emotions and also improving the personality traits.

The usefulness and reliability of projective tests depend on a number of factors, including the extent to which identical personality interpretations can be reached by different evaluators using the same test data and the extent to which those interpretations are supported by assessments of personality from other sources (e.g., personality inventories and clinical observation). MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In consideration of such factors, psychologists are sharply divided over the value of projective tests, despite their prominence in both personality research and therapeutic practice.

In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test. This is sometimes contrasted with a so-called "objective test" / "self-report test", which adopt a "structured" approach as responses are analyzed according to a presumed universal standard (for example, a multiple choice exam), and are limited to the content of the test. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The responses to projective tests are content analyzed for meaning rather than being based on presuppositions about meaning, as is the case with objective tests. Projective tests have their origins in psychoanalysis, which argues that humans have conscious and unconscious attitudes and motivations that are beyond or hidden from conscious awareness.

A projective test is a type of personality test in which you offer responses to ambiguous scenes, words, or images.1 The goal of such tests is to uncover the hidden conflicts or emotions that you project onto the test with the hope that these issues can then be addressed through psychotherapy or other appropriate treatments.

This type of test emerged from the psychoanalytic school of thought, which suggested that people have unconscious thoughts or urges. Projective tests are intended to uncover feelings, desires, and conflicts that are hidden from conscious awareness.

Training in projective testing in psychology graduate settings has rapidly declined over the past decade or so. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Despite the controversy over their use, projective tests remain quite popular and are extensively used in both clinical and forensic settings.

In many projective tests, people are shown an ambiguous image and then asked to give the first response that comes to mind. The key to projective tests is the ambiguity of the stimuli.

According to the theory behind such tests, using clearly defined questions can result in answers that are carefully crafted by the conscious mind. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 When you are asked a straightforward question about a particular topic, you have to spend time consciously creating an answer.

This can introduce biases and even untruths, whether or not you're trying to deceive the test provider. For example, a respondent might give answers that are perceived as more socially acceptable or desirable but are perhaps not the most accurate reflection of their true feelings or behavior.

The hope is that because of the ambiguous nature of the questions, people might be less able to rely on possible hints about what they think the tester expects to see. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 As a result, they are hopefully less tempted to "fake good," or make themselves look good, as a result.

Types of Projective Tests

There are a number of different types of projective tests. Some of the best-known examples include:

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

This test was one of the first projective tests developed and continues to be one of the best-known and most widely used. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921, the test consists of 10 different cards that depict an ambiguous inkblot.3

People are shown one card at a time and asked to describe what they see in the image. The responses are recorded verbatim by the tester. Gestures, the tone of voice, and other reactions are also noted.

The results of the test can vary depending on which of the many existing scoring systems the examiner uses.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

In the TAT test, people are asked to look at a series of ambiguous scenes and then to tell a story describing the scene. This includes describing what is happening, how the characters are feeling, and how the story will end.

The examiner then scores the test based on the needs, motivations, and anxieties of the main character, as well as how the story eventually turns out.3

The Draw-A-Person Test

This type of projective test involves exactly what you might imagine. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 People draw a person and the image that they created is then assessed by the examiner.

To score the test, the test interpreter might look at a number of factors. These may include the size of particular parts of the body or features, the level of detail given to the figure, as well as the overall shape of the drawing. 

Like other projective tests, the Draw-A-Person test has been criticized for its lack of validity.

A test interpreter might suggest that certain aspects of the drawing are indicative of particular psychological tendencies. However, it might simply mean that the individual has poor drawing skills. 

The test has been used as a measure of intelligence in children, but research comparing scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence to the Draw-A-Person test found a very low correlation between the two scores.4

The House-Tree-Person Test

In this type of projective test, people are asked to draw a house, a tree, and a person. Once the drawing is complete, they are asked a series of questions about the images they have drawn. 

SECTION – B 

4. Discuss the types and disadvantages of direct observation.

Direct Observation assessment is exactly as the name suggested – the assessors observe the students performing the assessment and see if they have the ability to perform it properly. Practical skills particularly clinical related areas often use direct observation to assess students. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Group work such as problem based learning may sometimes use direct observation to judge a student's input. Observation assessment is only effective when it follows a systematic plan to help both the assessor and the student focus on what needed to be observed and recorded. An oral assessment is often used as a follow-up assessment to supplement any questions. Sometimes, there is no effective alternative to direct observation.

Direct observation, also known as observational study, is a method of collecting evaluative information in which the evaluator watches the subject in his or her usual environment without altering that environment. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Direct observation is used when other data collection procedures, such as surveys, questionnaires, etc., are not effective; when the goal is to evaluate an ongoing behavior process, event, or situation; or when there are physical outcomes that can be readily seen.
The structure of an observation assessment greatly depends on the discipline in which the assessment takes place, it also depends on whether the assessor is observing the entire work or only part of the work. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In general, the assessor will observe for 5 -10 minutes, make a field note to help with the feedback and grading. This maybe followed by an interview/oral assessment.

Disadvantages of Direct Observation

·       Direct observation does not assess the higher-order levels of learning outcomes, and is often not adequate for a full assessment; oral questioning or other supplementary assessments may be required.

·       Direct observation assessment requires a lot of time to assess and to prepare thus, it is an expensive way of assessing.

·       The presence of the observer can change student's performance as being watched can be intimidating for many students. Furthermore, the dynamics of the observation room may change as the observer/assessor enters. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It is often debatable whether the observer/assessor should be visible or hidden. So where, who and how the observation is being assessed are all factors which may affect a good observation assessment.

·       There is no anonymity in Direct Observation.

·       To ensure high efficiency and reliability, clear grading standards for all parties are essential. However, grading criteria for observation assessment can be trivial to design and develop.

·       Immediate feedback is useful, but sometimes that is difficult due to time constraints.

·       Practical work is usually ephemeral and dissenting views may later be contested if notes or recordings are not documented clearly.

·       It can sometimes be subjective.

5. How is therapy planned and conducted in a psychological treatment?

Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is a way to help people with a broad variety of mental illnesses and emotional difficulties. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Psychotherapy can help eliminate or control troubling symptoms so a person can function better and can increase well-being and healing.

Problems helped by psychotherapy include difficulties in coping with daily life; the impact of trauma, medical illness or loss, like the death of a loved one; and specific mental disorders, like depression or anxiety. There are several different types of psychotherapy and some types may work better with certain problems or issues. Psychotherapy may be used in combination with medication or other therapies.

Therapy may be conducted in an individual, family, couple, or group setting, and can help both children and adults. Sessions are typically held once a week for about 30 to 50. Both patient and therapist need to be actively involved in psychotherapy. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The trust and relationship between a person and his/her therapist is essential to working together effectively and benefiting from psychotherapy.

Psychotherapy can be short-term (a few sessions), dealing with immediate issues, or long-term (months or years), dealing with longstanding and complex issues. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The goals of treatment and arrangements for how often and how long to meet are planned jointly by the patient and therapist.

Confidentiality is a basic requirement of psychotherapy. Also, although patients share personal feelings and thoughts, intimate physical contact with a therapist is never appropriate, acceptable, or useful.

Psychotherapy is often used in combination with medication to treat mental health conditions. In some circumstances medication may be clearly useful and in others psychotherapy may be the best option. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For many people combined medication and psychotherapy treatment is better than either alone. Healthy lifestyle improvements, such as good nutrition, regular exercise and adequate sleep, can be important in supporting recovery and overall wellness.

Research shows that most people who receive psychotherapy experience symptom relief and are better able to function in their lives. About 75 percent of people who enter psychotherapy show some benefit from it. 1 Psychotherapy has been shown to improve emotions and behaviors and to be linked with positive changes in the brain and body. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The benefits also include fewer sick days, less disability, fewer medical problems, and increased work satisfaction.

With the use of brain imaging techniques researchers have been able to see changes in the brain after a person has undergone psychotherapy. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Numerous studies have identified brain changes in people with mental illness (including depression, panic disorder, PTSD and other conditions) as a result of undergoing psychotherapy. In most cases the brain changes resulting from psychotherapy were similar to changes resulting from medication. 2

To help get the most out of psychotherapy, approach the therapy as a collaborative effort, be open and honest, and follow your agreed upon plan for treatment. Follow through with any assignments between sessions, such as writing in a journal or practicing what you’ve talked about.

6. Discuss the characteristics of Stanford- Binet Test.

The Stanford-Binet scale tests intelligence across six areas: general intelligence, knowledge, fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 These areas are covered by ten subtests that include activities measuring both verbal and non-verbal intelligence. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Activities include verbal absurdities, picture absurdities, verbal analogies, form patterns, procedural knowledge, sentence and word memory, position and direction, early reasoning, and quantitative reasoning.

The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales (or more commonly the Stanford–Binet) is an individually administered intelligence test that was revised from the original Binet–Simon Scale by Lewis Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University. The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale is now in its fifth edition (SB5) and was released in 2003. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It is a cognitive ability and intelligence test that is used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies in young children. The test measures five weighted factors and consists of both verbal and nonverbal subtests. The five factors being tested are knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and fluid reasoning.

The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales (or more commonly the Stanford–Binet) is an individually administered intelligence test that was revised from the original Binet–Simon Scale by Lewis Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale is now in its fifth edition (SB5) and was released in 2003. It is a cognitive ability and intelligence test that is used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies in young children. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The test measures five weighted factors and consists of both verbal and nonverbal subtests. The five factors being tested are knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and fluid reasoning.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales are designed to measure five factors of cognitive ability. These five factors include fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Both verbal and nonverbal responses are measured. Each of the five factors is given a weight and the combined score is often reduced to a ratio known commonly as the intelligence quotient, or IQ. Theoretically then the Stanford-Binet test measures a person’s ability to learn. 

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was originally developed to help place children in appropriate educational settings. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It can help determine the level of intellectual and cognitive functioning in preschoolers, children, adolescents and adults, and assist in the diagnosis of a learning disability, developmental delay, mental retardation , or giftedness. It is used to provide educational planning and placement, neuropsychological assessment, and research. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is generally administered in a school or clinical setting.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale is considered to be one of the best and most widely used intelligence tests available. It is especially useful in providing intellectual assessment in young children, adolescents, and young adults. The test has been criticized for not being comparable for all age ranges. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This is because different age ranges are administered different subtests. Additionally, for very young preschoolers, it is not uncommon to receive a score of zero due to test difficulty or the child's unwillingness to cooperate. Consequently, it is difficult to discriminate abilities in this age group among the lower scorers.

7. Explain Mental Status Examination as a diagnostic tool for a clinical psychologist.

The mental status examination (MSE) is an important part of the clinical assessment process in neurological and psychiatric practice. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It is a structured way of observing and describing a patient's psychological functioning at a given point in time, under the domains of appearance, attitude, behavior, mood and affect, speech, thought process, thought content, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment. There are some minor variations in the subdivision of the MSE and the sequence and names of MSE domains.

The purpose of the MSE is to obtain a comprehensive cross-sectional description of the patient's mental state, which, when combined with the biographical and historical information of the psychiatric history, allows the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis and formulation, which are required for coherent treatment planning.

The data are collected through a combination of direct and indirect means: unstructured observation while obtaining the biographical and social information, focused questions about current symptoms, and formalised psychological tests.

The MSE is not to be confused with the Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), which is a brief neuropsychological screening test for dementia.

The mental status examination is a core skill of qualified (mental) health personnel. It is a key part of the initial psychiatric assessment in an outpatient or psychiatric hospital setting. It is a systematic collection of data based on observation of the patient's behavior while the patient is in the clinician's view during the interview. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The purpose is to obtain evidence of symptoms and signs of mental disorders, including danger to self and others, that are present at the time of the interview. Further, information on the patient's insight, judgment, and capacity for abstract reasoning is used to inform decisions about treatment strategy and the choice of an appropriate treatment setting. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It is carried out in the manner of an informal enquiry, using a combination of open and closed questions, supplemented by structured tests to assess cognition. The MSE can also be considered part of the comprehensive physical examination performed by physicians and nurses although it may be performed in a cursory and abbreviated way in non-mental-health settings. Information is usually recorded as free-form text using the standard headings, but brief MSE checklists are available for use in emergency situations, for example, by paramedics or emergency department staff. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The information obtained in the MSE is used, together with the biographical and social information of the psychiatric history, to generate a diagnosis, a psychiatric formulation and a treatment plan.

8. How is psychodiagnostic assessment conducted of children?

Psychodiagnostic Assessment of Children: Dimensional and Categorical Approaches provides comprehensive guidelines for assessing and diagnosing a broad spectrum of childhood disorders. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In this groundbreaking new text, Randy Kamphaus (coauthor of the BASC and BASC-II) and Jonathan Campbell discuss both theoretical and practical aspects of the field. Their detailed coverage provides students and professionals with important research findings and practical tools for accurate assessment and informed diagnosis.

This monumental new work begins by explaining dimensional (e.g., classification methods that emphasize quantitative assessment measures such as behavior rating scales) and categorical (e.g., classification methods that emphasize qualitative assessment measures such as clinical observation and history-taking) methods of assessment and diagnosis. 

Psychological assessment of children is a difficult task and is sometimes underestimated by clinicians who fear to be used as technicians rather than psychologists. The aim of this article is to show the relevance and beneficial aspects of a psychological assessment when performed in a scientific and ethical framework. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Psychological assessment is viewed as a privileged encounter between a child presenting problems and an expert in child development, psychopathology and assessment. Distinct parts of assessment are described: preliminary interview with the parents and the child, choice of test battery, feedback. Feedback to the child and parents, often neglected because time-consuming, is a key element of assessing. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It enables the child (and parents) to feel directly concerned and taken seriously, to understand the outcome of the procedure, to reflect on personal difficulties and assets, to find hope in future development. When the feedback is performed before the final report is written, it enables psychologists to adjust their interpretations, their language and their recommendations.

As children grow and develop, they sometimes have trouble learning in school, difficulty concentrating, or problems getting along with others. When this happens, a psychological assessment can pinpoint where the difficulties lie.

A psychological assessment offers insights into a child’s learning, social, behavioral and personality development, with the goal of tailoring recommendations to plan a child’s educational and mental health needs. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The Yale Medicine Child Study Center Psychological & Educational Assessment Program provides a broad range of testing services to school-age children and youth throughout Connecticut and the New York metropolitan region.

A psychological assessment is a structured series of interviews, standardized tests, and questionnaires designed to evaluate strengths and weaknesses in several areas. These tests may identify, for example, learning styles and social-emotional patterns of functioning. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Some parents seek a psychological assessment out of concerns about how well their child or teen is functioning. Other parents are advised to get an assessment by one or more professionals—an educator, a mental health professional, or pediatrician—who notice something amiss. 

 

SECTION – C

 

9. Psychophysiological assessment

Psychophysiological assessment involves recording and quantifying various physiological responses in controlled conditions using electromechanical equipment (e.g., electromyography, electroencephalography, electrodermal activity, respiratory activity, electrocardiography). MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Which response or response system is measured depends on the purpose of the assessment. Psychophysiological measurement has been used to assess autonomic balance (e.g., heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, salivation), habituation to environmental stimuli, reactivity to traumatic imagery, orientation response, and other physiological systems.

10. Ethical principles in using psychological tests

There are ethical standards in testing psychology due to the unique involvement of observing and conducting research on human subjects. When dealing with people and sensitive (and/or private) information, it is mandated that specific procedures are implemented to ensure researchers are not only protecting the integrity of the work, but are protecting the participants involved. There are ethical codes for psychology, domestically and abroad, that are predicated on testing standards specific to the codes of conduct (Leach & Oakland, 2007 IGNOU MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22).  This brings value to ethical standards and the willingness for participants to want to be involved in experiments. It is understood that any psychological test conducted, the findings will not be disclosed to other individuals and/or companies that are not involved in the process (McIntire & Miller, 2007). 

11. Application of psychodiagnostic testing

Psychodiagnostic testing enhances diagnostic accuracy by controlling for subjective opinion because it uses highly reliable, standardized tests that have been validated in clinical trials. IGNOU MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For example: the reliability of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, which measures cognitive abilities and determines intelligence quotients, ranges from impressive .93 to .97. Because it is able to provide both accurate diagnostics and to grade the severity of impairment, psychodiagnostic testing helps the physician or psychiatrist to make pharmacological or psychotherapeutic treatment recommendations that have the highest likelihood of success. IGNOU MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 "Differential therapeutics", the prescription of effective treatments and proscription of ineffective ones, is the standard of care in contemporary medicine. Psychodiagnostic testing, because of its standardized and objective qualities, aids the practitioner in developing differential treatment recommendations.

12. Use of test battery

A test battery consists of a series of tests administered to assess different facets of a child’s or adult’s functioning (e.g., psychological functioning). IGNOU MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 A test battery is utilized by a professional (e.g., a psychologist) to assist in decision making, such as making a diagnosis, about an individual and determining whether there is a need for services and supports for that person. Introduced by Francis Galton in 1884, the initial test battery was used to measure an individual’s sensory and motor abilities. Once the battery of tests was administered, a report was written to summarize the findings. Test batteries have evolved over time.

13. Semi-structured interview

A semi-structured interview is a meeting in which the interviewer does not strictly follow a formalized list of questions. IGNOU MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Instead, they will ask more open-ended questions, allowing for a discussion with the interviewee rather than a straightforward question and answer format.

When you're job searching, you should be aware that you may encounter many different types of interviews as you go through the hiring process at different companies. One common interviewing technique is a semi-structured interview.

14. Referral question

The referral question is a vital component to any forensic evaluation, as it typically explains the purpose and type of evaluation conducted. The New Jersey Department of Children and Families (DCF) Guidelines for Expert Evaluations in Child Abuse/Neglect Proceedings clearly state that referral questions should determine the specific purpose of the evaluation, however, the majority of forensic evaluations reviewed thus far by the New Jersey Coordination Center for Child Abuse and Neglect Forensic Evaluation and Treatment (NJCC) do not include specific referral questions. IGNOU MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Certain commonalities among referral questions were found, which suggested the need for further guidance in how to write a good referral question. This report outlines these findings and gives recommendations on how to improve referral questions and, subsequently, improve the quality of forensic evaluations.

15. Characteristics of tests of abstraction

An abstract reasoning test assesses your ability to identify and interpret patterns. You need to identify the rules and patterns in sets of objects in order to find a missing object.

Abstract reasoning tests have been found to have a high correlation with general intelligence and the ability to reason logically.

Abstract reasoning is similar to inductive reasoning, and the two words are sometimes used interchangeably.

16. Tests of Implicit Memory

Implicit memory is sometimes referred to as unconscious memory or automatic memory. Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them. The performance of implicit memory is enabled by previous experiences, no matter how long ago those experiences occurred.

A subset of implicit memory, procedural memory, enables us to perform many everyday physical activities, such as walking and riding a bike, without having to give it thought. A large majority of implicit memories are procedural in nature. Procedural memory primarily involves learning new motor skills and depends on the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

17. California Psychological Inventory

The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is a self-report inventory created by Harrison G. Gough and currently published by Consulting Psychologists Press. IGNOU MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The text containing the test was first published in 1956, and the most recent revision was published in 1996. It was created in a similar manner to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)—with which it shares 194 items. But unlike the MMPI, which focuses on maladjustment or clinical diagnosis, the CPI was created to assess the everyday "folk-concepts" that ordinary people use to describe the behavior of the people around them.

18. Purpose of neuropsychological assessment

Neuropsychological assessment is a performance-based method to assess cognitive functioning. This method is used to examine the cognitive consequences of brain damage, brain disease, and severe mental illness. IGNOU MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 There are several specific uses of neuropsychological assessment, including collection of diagnostic information, differential diagnostic information, assessment of treatment response, and prediction of functional potential and functional recovery. We anticipate that clinical neuropsychological assessment will continue to be used, even in the face of advances in imaging technology, because it is already well known that the presence of significant brain changes can be associated with nearly normal cognitive functioning, while individuals with no lesions detectable on imaging can have substantial cognitive and functional limitations.

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Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 All this is available in an online mode. MPCE 012 Solved Assignment 2021-22 After submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.

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