Human Health and disease
Health-
It can be defined as a state of complete
physical, internal and social well- being. When people are healthy, they're
more effective at work.
Health is affected by –
• Inheritable diseases – heritable defects of parents to offspring.
• Infections and
• Habits that we lack in our life style including food, water , rest and exercise we give to our bodies.
In chapter human health and disease
Conditions can be
astronomically grouped into contagious and non-infectious. Conditions which are
fluently transmitted from one person to another, are called contagious
conditions. Among non-infectious conditions, cancer is the major cause of
death.
Common Conditions in Humans
Disease
caused by pathogen organisms.
Typhoid
•
Pathogen: Salmonella typhi.
•Symptoms:
High fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache and loss of
appetite, intestinal perforation and death may do in severe cases. Typhoid
fever could be verified by Widal test.
In chapter human health and disease
•Mode
of transmission: These pathogens generally enter the small intestine
through defiled food and water and resettle to other organs through blood.
Pneumonia
• Pathogen
: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus infuenzae.
• Symptoms:
the alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration.
Symptoms include fever, chills, cough and headache, in severe cases the lips
and cutlet nails may turn argentine to bluish in colour.
• Mode
of transmission: transmitted through driblets of infected persons.
Common
Cold
• Pathogen: Rhino viruss.
• Symptoms:
nasal traffic and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, frazzle.
• Mode
of transmission: through driblets of infected persons.
Conditions caused in protozoans
In chapter human health and disease
Malaria.
( means bad air)
•
Pathogen: Protozoan Plasmodium.
• Vector:
Womanish Anopheles mosquito
• Symptoms:
Head ache, muscle pain, high fever. During fever the case feels chill and
shivering.
•
Prevention: Eradication of vector and keeping the girding clean.
• Treatment:
It involves the use of drug like quinine and protection of cases from the
mosquitoes.
• Mode
of spread: This complaint spreads by the bite of infected Anopheles
mosquito. Only the female Anopheles is able of spreading the complaint because
it sucks the blood of human.
In chapter human health and disease
Amoebiasis.
• Pathogen: It's due to an intestinal protozoan sponger Entamoeba histolytica.
• Symptoms:
This parasite lives in the large intestine and destroys the mucus membrane.
This may cause bleeding and ulcer that produce dysentery. Hence patient passes
out blood and mucus with the stool. There will be severe pain in stomach,
fever, nausea and nervousness.
• Mode of transmission: As the
excrescencies of pathogen are plant in the intestinal discharge the possibility
of infection to healthy persons is through defiled water or inaptly washed or
cooked vegetables and fruits. The pathogen can also be transmitted through
dirty hands.
• Prevention:
Proper disposal of faecal matter of the case. Vegetables and fruits when used
raw, should be completely washed. Water should be boiled before drinking.
In chapter human health and disease
DISEASE CAUSED
BY HELMINTHES WORM.
Ascariasis
• Pathogen: A round worm Ascaris lumbricoides.
• Symptoms:
This sponger is plant in the small intestine of man and is of world wide
distribution. It causes a lot of stomach pang, nausea and cough.
• Mode
of transmission: Through food, when soil correspond of tubercle and eggs,
it'll be transmitted through vegetables growing on it or through dirty hands or
by ingestion of soil.
• Prevention:
The disposal of mortal faeces by underground sewer canals is an effective measure
to help the spread. Washing of vegetables and fruits before eating help of keep
down the eggs of the worm.
Filariasis
• Pathogen: Wuchereria bancrofti.
• Vector:
Culex mosquito.
• Symptoms:
The worm lives in the lymph vessels and block them, this causes swelling of the
body corridor like, legs scrotum, bottom, etc. This blow up of legs gives the
complaint its name as Elephantiasis.
• Prevention:
Eradication of vector.
Disease CAUSED In FUNGI
Ringworms
• Pathogens : Trichophyton and Epidermophyton
• Symptoms : appearance of dry, scaled lesions
on colorful corridor of the body similar as skin, nails and crown with violent
itching.
Measures for prevention and control of infectious diseases–
• Personal hygiene: It includes cleanliness of body, drinking of clean water,etc.
• Public
hygiene: It includes cleaning of water budgets, proper disposal of sewage etc.
Immunity
• Capability of the body to fight contagious agents
• On the base of the immunity held by the body
,immunity can be ingrain immunity and acquired immunity.
1. Innate immunity: It is a non-specific type of defense medium.
It has four types of walls –
•Physical barrier: Example, skin covering of the body,
stashing of mucous in the respiratory tract
• Physiological barrier: Example, acid in the stomach, gashes from
the eyes
• Cellular barrier: Example, monocytes and lymphocytes in
blood
• Cytokine barrier: Example,
interferon
2. Acquired immunity: it is a specific type of defense medium. It shows two types of responses primary response and secondary response. It involves two types of lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes Show humoral immune response (HI)
• T lymphocytes Show cell intermediated immunity(CMI)
Structure of an Antibody
• The antibodies are protein molecules called immunoglobulins and are of colorful types like IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG.
• Each antibody patch consists of four
polypeptide chains, two are long called heavy chains and other two are short
called light chains. Both are arranged in the shape of‘Y’, hence an antibody is
represented as H2L2.
On the base of product of antibodies, immunity can be farther categorised as –
• Active immunity: Body produces its own antibodies against antigens
• Passive
immunity: Readymade antibody is transferred from one existent to another
• Colostrum (contains antibodies IgA) is an example of
passive immunity provided by the mother to her child.
Autoimmunity
Product of antibodies against the tissue of
its own cells. Example – Rheumatoid arthritis.
Lymphoid organs
It acts as the sites of formation and
development of lymphocytes.
Primary lymphoid organ – where lymphocytes are
produced and progressed. Example – Bone marrow and Thymus.
Secondary lymphoid organ – where lymphocytes fight with antigens. Example- Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches Mucosal Associated Lymphocyte Tissue (MALT).
Vaccination
It's the protection of the body from communicable diseases by administration of agents (
called vaccines) that mimic the microbes. Vaccines are available against
tetanus, polio,etc.
Allergies
Acuity to a particular
allergen ( similar as pollens, dust) is nominated allergy. IgE is an antibody
responsible for allergy. Symptoms include, sneezing, watery eyes, running nose
and difficulty in breathing. Allergy is due to stashing of histamine and
serotonine by mast cells. Allergy is treated withanti-histamine, adrenaline and
steroids.
AIDS ( Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
It can
spread –
• through sexual contact with
the infected person
• from the mother to her child, through the
placenta
. • infected blood transfusion
• by the use of infected syringe.
It's caused by HIV virus (a retro virus) and
has RNA as inheritable material. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
When HIV virus enters the host cell, the virus enters into macrophages, where RNA replicates and forms viral DNA by the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA gets incorporated into the host cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce daughter viruses. The macrophages continue to produce virus that enters the helper T-lymphocytes. Therefore the number of helper T-lymphocytes precipitously decreases in the body and weaken the immune system.
Individual test for AIDS: ELISA (enzyme-
linked-immuno-sorbent assay)
Cancer
• Tumour: It is caused by abnormal and unbridled cell division. It's of two types –
• Benign tumour: Remains confined to a particular position and doesn't spread
• Nasty tumour: Cells divides and invades new locales by getting transported through blood to distant spots
• Metastasis: Property of nasty tumour to
foray the distant body corridor, thereby initiating conformation of new
tumours.
•
Carcinogen Cancer-causing agents; e.g. ,X-rays, UV rays
• Cancer detection and diagnosis: Ways involved are radiography, computed tomography
and magnetic resonance imaging.
Treatment
of cancer
1. Surgical – cancerous tissue are surgically
removed.
2. Radiotherapy – excrescence cells are
irradiated lethally by radiation.
3. Chemotherapy – Druges are used to kill
cancerous cells, but shows side effects like hair loss, anemia,etc.
4. Immunotherapy – cases are given with alpha -interferon
which activate their immune system and help in destroying the tumor.
Druges and Alcohol Abuse
Druges and alcohol abuse includes –
• Opioids: Morphine is attained from Poppy plant. It's a opiate (depressant) and pain killer. Heroin is chemically diacetylmorphine. It slows down body functions. Example, Heroin ( uprooted from Papaver somniferum).
• Cannabinoids: It is
attained from Cannabis sativa. These are taken by inhalation and oral
ingestion, they affect the cardiovascular system of the body. Example,
marijuana, hashish, charas, ganja ( attained from Cannabis sativa).
. • Coca alkaloids/ Cocaine:
it's attained from Erythroxylon coca. It's taken by smoking. It's stimulant a and
activates central nervous system.
• Hallucinogens: It's attained from Atropa
belladonna and Datura sp. LSD (Lysergic acid Diethylamide) is attained from
fungus.
• Tobacco: it contains nicotine, which is stimulant.
It stimulates adrenaline and increases the stashing of adrenaline. Smoking of
tobacco leads to lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart conditions.
Adolescence and Drug abuse
Adolescence
Adolescence is the period during which the child becomes progressed. It's between
12–18
times of age.
Causes of drug abuse
• Curiosity
• Adventure
• Excitement
• Experimentation
• Stress or pressure to exceed in examination
• Reckless behaviour
• Vicious mischief
• Violence
• Drop in academic performance
• Depression, insulation, aggressiveness, etc.
Prevention and control –
• Avoid
peer pressure
• Counselling and education
• Take help from preceptors, parents and peers
. • Take professional and
medical help