Human Health and disease

 Human Health and disease


Health-

 It can be defined as a state of complete physical, internal and social well- being. When people are healthy, they're more effective at work.




 Health is affected by –

 • Inheritable diseases – heritable defects of parents to offspring.

 • Infections and

 • Habits that we lack in our life style including food, water , rest and exercise we give to our bodies.

In chapter human health and disease

Conditions can be astronomically grouped into contagious and non-infectious. Conditions which are fluently transmitted from one person to another, are called contagious conditions. Among non-infectious conditions, cancer is the major cause of death.

Common Conditions in Humans

Disease caused by pathogen organisms.

 Typhoid

  Pathogen: Salmonella typhi.

 Symptoms: High fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, headache and loss of appetite, intestinal perforation and death may do in severe cases. Typhoid fever could be verified by Widal test.

 In chapter human health and disease

Mode of transmission: These pathogens generally enter the small intestine through defiled food and water and resettle to other organs through blood.

 In chapter human health and disease

 Pneumonia

 Pathogen : Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus infuenzae.

 Symptoms: the alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration. Symptoms include fever, chills, cough and headache, in severe cases the lips and cutlet nails may turn argentine to bluish in colour.

 Mode of transmission: transmitted through driblets of infected persons.

 In chapter human health and disease

 Common Cold

 Pathogen: Rhino viruss.

 Symptoms: nasal traffic and discharge, sore throat, hoarseness, cough, headache, frazzle.

 Mode of transmission: through driblets of infected persons.

 Conditions caused in protozoans

In chapter human health and disease

Malaria. ( means bad air)

 • Pathogen: Protozoan Plasmodium.

 Vector: Womanish Anopheles mosquito

 Symptoms: Head ache, muscle pain, high fever. During fever the case feels chill and shivering.

  Prevention: Eradication of vector and keeping the girding clean.

 Treatment: It involves the use of drug like quinine and protection of cases from the mosquitoes.

 Mode of spread: This complaint spreads by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquito. Only the female Anopheles is able of spreading the complaint because it sucks the blood of human.

 


In chapter human health and disease

 Amoebiasis.

 Pathogen: It's due to an intestinal protozoan sponger Entamoeba histolytica.

 Symptoms: This parasite lives in the large intestine and destroys the mucus membrane. This may cause bleeding and ulcer that produce dysentery. Hence patient passes out blood and mucus with the stool. There will be severe pain in stomach, fever, nausea and nervousness.

 • Mode of transmission: As the excrescencies of pathogen are plant in the intestinal discharge the possibility of infection to healthy persons is through defiled water or inaptly washed or cooked vegetables and fruits. The pathogen can also be transmitted through dirty hands.

 Prevention: Proper disposal of faecal matter of the case. Vegetables and fruits when used raw, should be completely washed. Water should be boiled before drinking.

 In chapter human health and disease

 DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHES WORM.

 Ascariasis

  Pathogen: A round worm Ascaris lumbricoides.

 Symptoms: This sponger is plant in the small intestine of man and is of world wide distribution. It causes a lot of stomach pang, nausea and cough.

 Mode of transmission: Through food, when soil correspond of tubercle and eggs, it'll be transmitted through vegetables growing on it or through dirty hands or by ingestion of soil.

 Prevention: The disposal of mortal faeces by underground sewer canals is an effective measure to help the spread. Washing of vegetables and fruits before eating help of keep down the eggs of the worm.

 Filariasis

 Pathogen: Wuchereria bancrofti.

 Vector: Culex mosquito.

 Symptoms: The worm lives in the lymph vessels and block them, this causes swelling of the body corridor like, legs scrotum, bottom, etc. This blow up of legs gives the complaint its name as Elephantiasis.

 Prevention: Eradication of vector.

 Disease CAUSED In FUNGI

 Ringworms

 Pathogens : Trichophyton and Epidermophyton

 Symptoms : appearance of dry, scaled lesions on colorful corridor of the body similar as skin, nails and crown with violent itching.

 Measures for prevention and control of infectious diseases–

 • Personal hygiene: It includes cleanliness of body, drinking of clean water,etc.

 Public hygiene: It includes cleaning of water budgets, proper disposal of sewage etc.

 Immunity

 • Capability of the body to fight contagious agents

 • On the base of the immunity held by the body ,immunity can be ingrain immunity and acquired immunity.

 1. Innate immunity: It is a non-specific type of defense medium.

 It has four types of walls –

Physical barrier: Example, skin covering of the body, stashing of mucous in the respiratory tract

Physiological barrier: Example, acid in the stomach, gashes from the eyes

Cellular barrier: Example, monocytes and lymphocytes in blood

Cytokine barrier:  Example, interferon

2. Acquired immunity:  it is a specific type of defense medium. It shows two types of responses primary response and secondary response. It involves two types of lymphocytes 

• B lymphocytes Show humoral immune response (HI)

• T lymphocytes Show cell intermediated immunity(CMI)

 


 Structure of an Antibody

  • The antibodies are protein molecules called immunoglobulins and are of colorful types like IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG.

 • Each antibody patch consists of four polypeptide chains, two are long called heavy chains and other two are short called light chains. Both are arranged in the shape of‘Y’, hence an antibody is represented as H2L2.

 On the base of product of antibodies, immunity can be farther categorised as –

  Active immunity: Body produces its own antibodies against antigens

 Passive immunity: Readymade antibody is transferred from one existent to another

 • Colostrum (contains antibodies IgA) is an example of passive immunity provided by the mother to her child.

 Autoimmunity

 Product of antibodies against the tissue of its own cells. Example – Rheumatoid arthritis.

  Lymphoid organs

 It acts as the sites of formation and development of lymphocytes.

Primary lymphoid organ – where lymphocytes are produced and progressed. Example – Bone marrow and Thymus.



Secondary lymphoid organ – where lymphocytes fight with antigens. Example- Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches Mucosal Associated Lymphocyte Tissue (MALT).

  Vaccination

 It's the protection of the body from communicable diseases  by administration of agents ( called vaccines) that mimic the microbes. Vaccines are available against tetanus, polio,etc.

 Allergies

Acuity to a particular allergen ( similar as pollens, dust) is nominated allergy. IgE is an antibody responsible for allergy. Symptoms include, sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and difficulty in breathing. Allergy is due to stashing of histamine and serotonine by mast cells. Allergy is treated withanti-histamine, adrenaline and steroids.

 AIDS ( Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

 It can spread –

• through sexual contact with the infected person

 • from the mother to her child, through the placenta

. • infected blood transfusion

 • by the use of infected syringe.




 It's caused by HIV virus (a retro virus) and has RNA as inheritable material. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

 When HIV virus enters the host cell, the virus enters into macrophages, where RNA replicates and forms viral DNA by the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA gets incorporated into the host cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce daughter viruses. The macrophages continue to produce virus that enters the helper T-lymphocytes. Therefore the number of helper T-lymphocytes precipitously decreases in the body and weaken the immune system.

 Individual test for AIDS: ELISA (enzyme- linked-immuno-sorbent assay)

 Cancer

• Tumour: It is caused by abnormal and unbridled cell division. It's of two types –

• Benign tumour: Remains confined to a particular position and doesn't spread

 • Nasty tumour: Cells divides and invades new locales by getting transported through blood to distant spots

• Metastasis: Property of nasty tumour to foray the distant body corridor, thereby initiating conformation of new tumours.

Carcinogen Cancer-causing agents; e.g. ,X-rays, UV rays

Cancer detection and diagnosis: Ways involved are radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

 Treatment of cancer

 1. Surgical – cancerous tissue are surgically removed.

 2. Radiotherapy – excrescence cells are irradiated lethally by radiation.

 3. Chemotherapy – Druges are used to kill cancerous cells, but shows side effects like hair loss, anemia,etc.

 4. Immunotherapy – cases are given with alpha -interferon which activate their immune system and help in destroying the tumor.

 

Druges and Alcohol Abuse

 Druges and alcohol abuse includes –

• Opioids: Morphine is attained from Poppy plant. It's a opiate (depressant) and pain killer. Heroin is chemically diacetylmorphine. It slows down body functions. Example, Heroin ( uprooted from Papaver somniferum).



• Cannabinoids: It is attained from Cannabis sativa. These are taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, they affect the cardiovascular system of the body. Example, marijuana, hashish, charas, ganja ( attained from Cannabis sativa).



. • Coca alkaloids/ Cocaine: it's attained from Erythroxylon coca. It's taken by smoking. It's stimulant a and activates central nervous system.

 • Hallucinogens: It's attained from Atropa belladonna and Datura sp. LSD (Lysergic acid Diethylamide) is attained from fungus.




 • Tobacco: it contains nicotine, which is stimulant. It stimulates adrenaline and increases the stashing of adrenaline. Smoking of tobacco leads to lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart conditions.


 Adolescence and Drug abuse

Adolescence

Adolescence is the period during which the child becomes progressed. It's between 

12–18 times of age.

 Causes of drug abuse

 • Curiosity

 • Adventure

 • Excitement

 • Experimentation

 • Stress or pressure to exceed in examination

 Effects of drug / alcohol abuse –

 • Reckless behaviour

 • Vicious mischief

 • Violence

 • Drop in academic performance

 • Depression, insulation, aggressiveness, etc.

  Prevention and control

  • Avoid peer pressure

 • Counselling and education

 • Take help from preceptors, parents and peers

. • Take professional and medical help

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