REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Reproductive
health – problem and strategies
· Reproductive health in India was amongst the first countries in the world to initiate to the programme “ family planning” initiated in 1951.
· Reproductive
health in a society forms a pivotal part of general health.
· Reproductive health in advanced programs covering wider reproduction- related areas are presently in operation under the popular name ‘Reproductive and child health care (RCH) program.’
· Health
and education of youthful people and marriage and child bearing during more
mature stages of life are important attributes to the reproductive health of a
society.
Population
explosion and birth control
· The
rapid-fire increase in human population size over a fairly short period is
called human population- explosion.
· Population
growth rate depends on factors like fertility, natality, humanity, migration,
age and coitus structure.
· Increased
health installations and better living conditions are the cause behind
population explosion.
· Out of
6 billion world population1.3 billion populations is of Indians.
· Rapid
decline in death rate, maternal mortalility rate (MMR) and infant mortality
rate
(IMR) are major cause of population growth.
· Growth
rate of Indian population is around1.7 percent.
· Most
of the urban people are
uneducated.
· In the chapter Reproductive health of class 12
The
regulation of conception by preventative styles or bias to limit the number of offspring
is called birth control.
(i) A birth control
system which designedly prevents fertilization are referred to as
contraception.
(ii) Contraceptive
styles are preventative styles and are of two types – temporary and permanent.
In the chapter Reproductive health of class 12
Characteristics of an ideal
contraceptive are-
(a) User friendly
(b) Easily available
(c) Nor or least side – effects
(d) No way interferes with sexual drive
(a)Natural Method : No intercourse during woman’s fertility period ( day 12-20).
(b)Withdrawl Method : Penis is withdrawn before ejaculation.
(c)Tubectomy/ Tubal ligation : Women’s fallopian tubes are cut and tied, permanently blocking sperm release.
d) Vasectomy:
Man’s vasa deferentia are cut and tied permanently blocking sperm passage.
e) Intrauterine
device (IUD) : Small plastic or metal device placed in the uterus to help
implantation. Some contain copper, other release hormones.
f) Oral
Contraceptive : Synthetic estrogens and progestrones help normal menstrual
cycle, primarily help ovulation.
g) Male
condom : Thin rubber sheath on
erect penis collects ejaculated semen\
h) Female
condom : Plastic poke fitted into vagina catches semen.
i) Diaphragm
: Soft rubber mug covers entrance to
uterus, prevents sperm from reaching egg and holds spermicide.
j) Cervical
cap : Atomic diaphragm covers cervix nearly, prevents sperm from reaching egg
and holds spermicide.
k) Injectable
contraceptive (Depo-Provera) : Injection every 3 months of a hormone that's
lowly released and prevents ovulation.
Amniocentesis
(a) During pregnancy,
the fetus is girdled by amniotic fluid which is a water-such like substance.
(b) Amniotic fluid
contains live fetal skin cells and other substances, similar as
nascence-fetoprotein (AFP).
(c) These substances
give important information about baby's health before birth.
(d) These days
amniocentesis is being misused also, i.e., for detecting the sex of the foetus.
(e) Normal foetus is
being aborted if it is a
female.
In the chapter Reproductive health of class 12
Sexually transmitted conditions (STDs)
Conditions which are
transmitted sexually through sexual intercourse are inclusively called as
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) or Venereal Diseases (VDs) or reproductive
tract infections (RTI). STDs can be classified as viral, bacterial, protozoan,
fungal, etc.
Causes
of STD’s
STDs can be spread
with any type of sexual exertion, depending on the disease. STDs are most
frequently caused by contagions and bacteria.
Types of Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
The colorful types of sexually transmitted conditions
include genital herps, chancroid, gonorrhoea, syphilis and most common HIV
leading to AIDS.
(i) Chlamydiasis
(a) Chlamydiasis is
a sexually transmitted complaint in humans caused by the bacterium Chlamydia
trachomatis.
(b) It's a major
contagious cause of human genetial and eye conditions.
(ii) Gonorrhoea
(a) Gonorrhoea is
transmitted sexually, by oral, anal or genital coitus.
(b) Gonorrhea is
caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Prevention
STDs are a major trouble to a healthy society.
a) Avoid
coitus with unknown mates as well as multiple mates.
b) Always
use condoms during commerce.
c) In
case of any mistrustfulness, go to a good doctor for early discovery and get
complete treatment if diagnosed with complaint.
Infertility
(a)
Incapability to conceive or produce children indeed after 2 times of vulnerable
sexual cohabitation is called infertility.
(b) A large no of couples each over India are infertile.
(c) The reasons for this could be numerous-physical,
natural, congenital, diseases,
drugs, Immunological or even Psychological conditions.
Assisted
Reproductive Technologies ( ART)
Includes all fertility symptoms in which both sperms and
eggs are handled. These are special ways that help couples to have children.
The main ART- ways include
1. In-vitro
fertilisation (IVF)
2. Zygote
intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)
3. Intra
cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
4. Gamete
intra fallopian transfer ( GIFT)
5. Artifical
insemination (AI)
(1) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
(a) Fertilization
outside the body in nearly analogous conditions as are in the body.
(b) This system is
popularly known as test tube baby programme.
(c) In this technique,
ova from the woman/ donor( lady) and sperms from the man/ donor (male) are
collected and are convinced to form the zygote under simulated conditions in
the lab.
(d) The zygote or
early embryos could also be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT-zygote
intra fallopian transfer).
(2) Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)
(a) ZIFT is an
supported reproductive procedure analogous to in vitro fertilization and embryo
transfer.
(b) The difference
is that the fertilized embryo is transferred into the fallopian tube rather of
the uterus.
(c) As the
fertilized egg is transferred directly into the tubes, the procedure is also
appertained to as tubal embryo transfer (TET).
(3) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
(a) Intracytoplasmic
sperm injection (ICSI) is an assisted reproductive technology ( ART)
(b) It's used to treat
sperm- related infertility problems.
(c) ICSI is used to
enhance the fertilization phase of in vitro fertilization (IVF) by injecting a
single sperm into a mature egg.
(d) The fertilized
egg is also placed in a woman's uterus or fallopian tube.
(4) Gamete intra fallopian tube ( GIFT)
(a) The process of
transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another
lady who can not produce one, but can give suitable terrain for fertilisation
and farther development is another system tried.
(b) GIFT uses
multiple eggs collected from the ovaries, which are placed into a thin flexible
tube (catheter) along with the sperm to be used.
(c) The gametes
(both eggs and sperm) are also fitted into the fallopian tubes using a surgical
procedure called laparoscopy under general anesthesia.
(5) Artificial Insemination (AI)
(a)infertility cases
moreover due to incapability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm
count in the ejaculates could be corrected by artificial insemination
(b) In this fashion, the semen collected either from the
male or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the
uterus (IUI-Intra Uterine Copulation) of the female .