REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH


 

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH


Reproductive health – problem and strategies

·      Reproductive health in India was amongst the first countries in the world to initiate to the programme “ family planning” initiated in 1951.

·       Reproductive health in a society forms a pivotal part of general health.

·       Reproductive health in advanced programs covering wider reproduction- related areas are presently in operation under the popular name ‘Reproductive and child health care (RCH) program.’

·       Health and education of youthful people and marriage and child bearing during more mature stages of life are important attributes to the reproductive health of a society.



 Population explosion and birth control

·       The rapid-fire increase in human population size over a fairly short period is called human population- explosion.

·       Population growth rate depends on factors like fertility, natality, humanity, migration, age and coitus structure.

·       Increased health installations and better living conditions are the cause behind population explosion.

·       Out of 6 billion world population1.3 billion populations is of Indians.

·       Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortalility rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are major cause of population growth.

·       Growth rate of Indian population is around1.7 percent.

·       Most of the urban people are uneducated.

·        In the chapter Reproductive health of class 12

The regulation of conception by preventative styles or bias to limit the number of offspring is called birth control.

 (i) A birth control system which designedly prevents fertilization are referred to as contraception.

 (ii) Contraceptive styles are preventative styles and are of two types – temporary and permanent.

  In the chapter Reproductive health of class 12

Characteristics of an ideal contraceptive are-

(a) User friendly

(b) Easily available

(c) Nor or least side – effects

(d) No way interferes with sexual drive

  In the chapter Reproductive health of class 12

 Methods of Birth Control

(a)Natural Method : No intercourse during woman’s fertility period ( day 12-20).

(b)Withdrawl Method : Penis is withdrawn before ejaculation.

(c)Tubectomy/ Tubal ligation : Women’s fallopian tubes are cut and tied, permanently blocking sperm release.



d)    Vasectomy: Man’s vasa deferentia are cut and tied permanently blocking sperm passage.



e)    Intrauterine device (IUD) : Small plastic or metal device placed in the uterus to help implantation. Some contain copper, other release hormones.

f)      Oral Contraceptive : Synthetic estrogens and progestrones help normal menstrual cycle, primarily help ovulation.




g)    Male condom : Thin rubber sheath on erect penis collects ejaculated semen\

h)    Female condom : Plastic poke fitted into vagina catches semen.

i)      Diaphragm :  Soft rubber mug covers entrance to uterus, prevents sperm from reaching egg and holds spermicide.

j)      Cervical cap : Atomic diaphragm covers cervix nearly, prevents sperm from reaching egg and holds spermicide.

k)    Injectable contraceptive (Depo-Provera) : Injection every 3 months of a hormone that's lowly released and prevents ovulation.



In the chapter 
Reproductive health of class 12

  Amniocentesis

 (a) During pregnancy, the fetus is girdled by amniotic fluid which is a water-such like substance.

 (b) Amniotic fluid contains live fetal skin cells and other substances, similar as nascence-fetoprotein (AFP).

 (c) These substances give important information about baby's health before birth.

 (d) These days amniocentesis is being misused also, i.e., for detecting the sex of the foetus.

 (e) Normal foetus is being aborted if it is a female.

 In the chapter Reproductive health of class 12

Sexually transmitted conditions (STDs)

 Conditions which are transmitted sexually through sexual intercourse are inclusively called as Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) or Venereal Diseases (VDs) or reproductive tract infections (RTI). STDs can be classified as viral, bacterial, protozoan, fungal, etc.

 Causes of STD’s

 STDs can be spread with any type of sexual exertion, depending on the disease. STDs are most frequently caused by contagions and bacteria.

 Types of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 

The colorful types of sexually transmitted conditions include genital herps, chancroid, gonorrhoea, syphilis and most common HIV leading to AIDS.

 (i) Chlamydiasis

 (a) Chlamydiasis is a sexually transmitted complaint in humans caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.

 (b) It's a major contagious cause of human genetial and eye conditions.

 (ii) Gonorrhoea

 (a) Gonorrhoea is transmitted sexually, by oral, anal or genital coitus.

 (b) Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

 Prevention

STDs are a major trouble to a healthy society.

a)    Avoid coitus with unknown mates as well as multiple mates.

b)    Always use condoms during commerce.

c)    In case of any mistrustfulness, go to a good doctor for early discovery and get complete treatment if diagnosed with complaint.

 In the chapter Reproductive health of class 12

Infertility
(a) Incapability to conceive or produce children indeed after 2 times of vulnerable sexual cohabitation is called infertility.

(b) A large no of couples each over India are infertile.

(c) The reasons for this could be numerous-physical, natural, congenital, diseases, drugs, Immunological or even Psychological conditions.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies ( ART)

Includes all fertility symptoms in which both sperms and eggs are handled. These are special ways that help couples to have children.

 The main ART- ways include

1.    In-vitro fertilisation (IVF)

2.    Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)

3.    Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

4.    Gamete intra fallopian transfer ( GIFT)

5.    Artifical insemination (AI)

 (1) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

 (a) Fertilization outside the body in nearly analogous conditions as are in the body.

 (b) This system is popularly known as test tube baby programme.

 (c) In this technique, ova from the woman/ donor( lady) and sperms from the man/ donor (male) are collected and are convinced to form the zygote under simulated conditions in the lab.

 (d) The zygote or early embryos could also be transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT-zygote intra fallopian transfer).



 (2) Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)

 (a) ZIFT is an supported reproductive procedure analogous to in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.

 (b) The difference is that the fertilized embryo is transferred into the fallopian tube rather of the uterus.

 (c) As the fertilized egg is transferred directly into the tubes, the procedure is also appertained to as tubal embryo transfer (TET).



 (3) Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

 (a) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an assisted reproductive technology ( ART)

 (b) It's used to treat sperm- related infertility problems.

 (c) ICSI is used to enhance the fertilization phase of in vitro fertilization (IVF) by injecting a single sperm into a mature egg.

 (d) The fertilized egg is also placed in a woman's uterus or fallopian tube.

 (4) Gamete intra fallopian tube ( GIFT)

 (a) The process of transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another lady who can not produce one, but can give suitable terrain for fertilisation and farther development is another system tried.

 (b) GIFT uses multiple eggs collected from the ovaries, which are placed into a thin flexible tube (catheter) along with the sperm to be used.

 (c) The gametes (both eggs and sperm) are also fitted into the fallopian tubes using a surgical procedure called laparoscopy under general anesthesia.

 (5) Artificial Insemination (AI)


 

(a)infertility cases moreover due to incapability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm count in the ejaculates could be corrected by artificial insemination

(b) In this fashion, the semen collected either from the male or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus (IUI-Intra Uterine Copulation) of the female .



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