THE LIVING WORLD
THE LIVING WORLD
Life is a unique, complex association of motes that
expresses itself through chemical responses which lead to growth, development,
responsiveness, adaption and reduplication.
The objects flaunting
growth, development, reproduction, respiration, responsiveness and other
characteristics of life are designated as living beings.
THE LIVING WORLD
Unique features of living organism-
(a) Growth- Living
organisms grow in mass and number. A multicellular organism increases its mass
by cell division. In Pants growth nonstop throughout life in their meristemtic
area but in creatures, growth occurs to a certain age. Unicellular organisms
also grow by cell division. Living organisms show internal growth due to
addition of accoutrements and conformation of cells inside the body. Non living
organism like mountains, boulders, chargers also grow but due to addition of
analogous accoutrements to their external face.
( b) Reproduction- It's the conformation of new
individualities of the analogous kind. Reproduction isn't essential for
survival of the individualities. It's needed for perpetuation of the
population. In sexual reduplication two parents are involved to produce further
or lower analogous kinds of individualities. In asexual reduplication single
parent is involved and individual is dupe of the parent. Asexual reduplication
may occurs by fission, fermentation, rejuvenescence, vegetative propagation
etc. In unicellular organism, growth and reduplication are antonyms. Numerous
organisms like mules, sterile worker notions, infertile mortal couples. Thus,
reduplication isn't an all-inclusive specific of living organism. Still, no
nonliving object has the power to reproduce or replicate.
(c) Metabolism-The
sum aggregate of all types of chemical responses being in an existent due to
specific relations amongst different types of motes in the innards of cells is
called metabolism. All conditioning of an organism including growth, movements,
development, reproduction etc. are due to metabolism.
There are two types
of metabolism-Catabolism and Anabolism.
·
Anabolism includes all the structure up
responses to increase the mass of the organism like photosynthesis.
·
In catabolism breakdown responses are involved,
similar as respiration, digestion etc. no nonliving object show metabolism.
(d) Knowledge-It's
the mindfulness of the surroundings and responding to external stimulants.
External stimulants may be physical, chemical or natural. Pants also responds
to stimulants like light, water, solemnity, pollution etc. All living organisms
prokaryotic to eukaryotic responds to different kinds of stimulants. Mortal
being is only organism who's apprehensive of himself. Knowledge thus, becomes
the defining property of living organisms.
(e) Life span- every
living organism has a definite life span of birth, growth, maturity, senesce
and death.
Living organisms are
thus, tone- replicating, evolving and tone-non-supervisory interactive systems
able of responding to external stimulants.
THE LIVING WORLD
v
BIODIVERSITY
Diversity in the
living world or biodiversity is the circumstance of variety of life forms
differing in morphology, size, colour, deconstruction, territories and habits.
Each different kind of factory, beast or microorganisms represents a species.
Presently there are some 1.7 –1.8 million living organisms known to wisdom. Out
of which 1.25 are creatures and about 0.5 millions are plants.
v
Systematics is branch of biology that deals with
cataloguing Pants, creatures and other organism into orders that can be named,
compared and studied.
v
Identification is the finding of correct name
and place and place of an organism in a system of classification. It's done
with the help of keys. This is carried out by determining similarity with
formerly known organisms.
v
Nomenclature is the process of regularize
picking of living organism similar that a particular organism is known by the
same name each over the world. For Pants scientific names are grounded on
transnational law of botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and creatures names on
transnational law of zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) . Scientific name ensures
that each organism has only one name.
Biological Nomenclature- It's the
widely accepted principles to give scientific name to known organisms. Each
name has two factors-general name ( genus) and specific epithet ( species).
This system of Nomenclature was handed by Carolus Linnaeus.
Mango-Mangifera
indica,
Human beings- Home Sapience.
- Universal rules of Nomenclature-
(a) Biological names
are generally in Latina and written in italics.
(b) The first word in
a natural name represents the genus while the alternate element denotes the
specific epithet.
( c) Both the words in natural name, when handwritten, are
independently underscored, or published in italics.
(d) The first word
denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts
with small letter.
v
Classification-It's the process by which
anything is grouped into accessible orders grounded on some fluently observable
characteristics. Classification makes the study of organisms accessible.
Systematics Identification Nomenclature Classification.
v
Taxonomy-The process of classification on the
base of external and internal structure along with internal structure of cell,
development process and ecological information is known as taxonomy.
·
Taxonomic
orders
A taxonomic order is
a rank or position in the hierarchical classification of organism. There are
seven obligate orders and some intermediate orders. Since the order is a part
of overall taxonomic arrangement, it's called taxonomic order and all orders
together constitute the taxonomic scale.
·
Taxonomic hierarchy is shown below:-
KINGDOM
DIVISION/PHYLLUM
CLASS
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
- Species- Species are the natural population of individualities or a group of population which act one another in all essential morphological and reproductive characters so that they're suitable to interbreed freely and produce rich seed. Mango is a species indica of genus Mangifera (Mangifera indica).
- Genus-it's a group of affiliated species which act one another in certain identified characters. All species of genus presumed to have evolved from a common ancestor. Lion, Tiger, Leopard are nearly affiliated species and placed in same genus Panther.
- Family- It's a taxonomic order which contains one or further affiliated genuss. All genuss of a family have some common features or identified characters. Family Solanacaeae contains a number of genuss like Solanum, Withania, Daturaetc.
- Class-A class is made of one or further affiliated orders. The class dicotyledoneae of unfolding Pants contains all dicots which are grouped into several orders like roales, polemoniales, renales etc.
- Division/ Phylum-The term phylum is used for creatures while division is used for Pants. They're formed of one or further class. The phylum chordate of creatures contains not only the mammals but also aves, reptiles amphibians etc.
- Kingdom - It's the loftiest taxonomic order. All Pants are included in the area Plantae while all creatures belong to area Animalia.
THE LIVING WORLD
Taxonomic Aids- Ways, procedures and stored information that
are useful in identification and classification of organisms are called
taxonomic aids.
·
Herbarium- Herbarium is a place where dried and
pressed Plants samples, mounted on wastes are kept totally according to a
extensively accepted system of classification. The herbarium wastes also carry
a marker furnishing information about date and place of collection, English,
original and botanical names, family, collector’s name etc.
Botanical garden- They're technical auditoriums having collection of living Pants for reference. Pants in these auditoriums are grown for identification purpose and each factory is labelled indicating its scientific name and family. The notorious botanical theater includes Royal botanical theater, Kew (London), Indian botanical theater, Kolkata and National botanical theater, Lucknow.
Museums- Natural museum is set up in educational institution like sodalities and academy for reference purposes. Samples are saved in the holders or jars in preservative results or as dry samples. Insects are saved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and cascading.
Zoological parks- These are the places where wild creatures are kept in defended surroundings under mortal care and which enable us to learn about their food habits and nature. Natural territories are handed as far as possible.