Body Fluids and Circulation
Body fluids and circulation class 11 notes FOR NEET
INTRODUCTION
- The waste or dangerous substances produced, have to be removed continuously for healthy functioning of apkins.
- Bloodsuckers and coelenterates circulate water from their surroundings through their body depressions to grease the cells to change these substances
- Blood is the fluid connective towel in utmost of the advanced organisms including humans.
- Lymph is the fluid which circulates through the lymphatic system and helps in the transport of certain substances.
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BLOOD
- Blood is a special connective towel conforming of a fluid matrix, tube, and formed rudiments.
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Plasma
- Plasmais a straw coloured, thick fluid constituting nearly 55 per cent of the blood.
- Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins are the major proteins of tube.
- Fibrinogens are demanded for clotting or coagulation of blood, globulins are involved in defense mechanisms of the body and the albumins help in bibulous balance.
- Plasma contains small quantities of minerals like Na, Ca, glucose, amino acids etc.
- Factors for coagulation of blood are present in the Plasma in an inactive form.
- Plasma without the clotting factors is called serum.
Formed
rudiments
Erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets are inclusively
called formed rudiments.
Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC) are formed in the red bone gist in the grown-ups, are devoid of nexus with a biconcave shape.
- Erythrocytes are known as red blood cells because these have a red coloured, iron containing complex protein called Haemoglobin motes play a significant part in transport of respiratory feasts.
- RBCs have an average life span of 120 days after which they're destroyed in the spleen, known as the graveyard of RBC.
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Leucocytes
- Leucocytes are also known as white blood cells (WBC) as they're colourless due to the lack of haemoglobin.
- They're nucleated and short lived.
- There are two main orders of WBCs
Granulocytes
- Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are different types of granulocytes, while lymphocytes and monocytes are the agranulocytes.
- Neutrophils are the most abundant cells of the total WBCs and basophils are the least among them.
- Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic cells, basophils cache histamine, serotonin etc,. and are involved in seditious responses.
- Eosinophils repel infections and are also associated with antipathetic responses.
- Lymphocytes are of two major types‘B’and‘T’forms.
- Both B and T lymphocytes are responsible for vulnerable responses of the body.
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Body fluids and circulation class 11 notes FOR NEET
Platelets
- Platelets also called thrombocytes, are cell fractions produced from megakaryocytes.
- Megakaryocytes are the special cells in the bone gist.
- Platelets can release a variety of substances utmost of which are involved in the coagulation or clotting of blood
- A reduction in their number can lead to clotting diseases which will lead to inordinate loss of blood from the body.
Class 11 body Fluids and Circulation notes
BLOOD GROUPS
Two blood groupings
are done
- ABO and
- Rh
- ABO grouping
- ABO
grouping is grounded on the presence or absence of two face antigen
on the RBCs videlicet A and B.
- The Plasma of different individualities contains two natural antibodies.
- The distribution of antigens and antibodies in the four groups of blood, A, B, AB and O.
- The blood of a patron has to be precisely matched with the blood of a philanthropist before any blood transfusion to avoid severe problems of cementing, which leads to destruction of RBC.
- Group ‘O’
blood can be bestowed to persons with any other blood group and
hence ‘O’ group individualities are called‘ universal benefactors’.
- Persons with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood, and similar persons are called‘ universal donors’.
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Rh grouping
- The Rh antigen analogous to one present in Rhesus monkeys is also observed on the face of RBCs of maturity of humans, hence the antigen is known as Rh antigen.
- The individualities having Rh antigen are called Rh positive (Rh ve) and those in whom this antigen is absent are called Rh negative (Rh-ve).
- An Rh-ve person, if exposed to Rh ve blood, will form specific antibodies against the Rh antigens, and hence Rh group should also be matched before transfusions.
- A special case of Rh incompatibility has been observed between the Rh-ve blood of a pregnant mama with Rh ve blood of the foetus, which leads to a complaint known as erythroblastosis foetalis.
- Rh antigens of the foetus don't get exposed to the Rh-ve blood of the mama in the first gestation as the two bloods are well separated by the placenta, during the delivery of the first child, motherly blood may get exposed to small quantities of the Rh ve blood from the foetus and the mama starts preparing antibodies against Rh in her blood.
- In case of posterior gravidity, the Rh antibodies from the mama (Rh-ve) can blunder into the blood of the foetus (Rh ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs, which beget severe anaemia and hostility to the baby leading to a condition known erythroblastosis foetalis.
- Erythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mama incontinently after the delivery of the first child.
Body fluids and circulation class 11 notes FOR NEET
COAGULATION
OF BLOOD
- Blood coagulation or clotting is the medium to help inordinate loss of blood from the body.
- Sanguine brown proletariat formed at the point of a cut is due to clot formed substantially of a network of vestments called fibrins in which dead and damaged ordered rudiments of blood are trapped.
- Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive fibrinogens in the Plasmaby the enzyme thrombin.
- Thrombins are formed from another inactive substance present in the Plasma called prothrombin by an enzyme complex known as thrombokinase.
- Calcium ions play a veritably important part in clotting.
Body Fluids and Circulation Class 11 Notes pdf
LYMPH
- When the blood passes through the capillaries in apkins, some water along with numerous small water answerable substances move out into the spaces between the cells of apkins leaving the larger proteins and utmost of the formed rudiments in the blood vessels, the fluid released out is called the interstitial fluid or towel fluid.
- Exchange of nutrients, feasts,etc., between the blood and the cells always do through towel fluid.
- An elaborate network of vessels called the lymphatic system collects this fluid and drains it back to the major modes.
- The fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the lymph, which is a colourless fluid containing specialised lymphocytes which are responsible for the vulnerable responses of the body.
- Fats are absorbed through lymph in the lacteals present in the intestinal villi.
CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
The circulatory patterns are of two types
Open
- Open circulatory system is the one in which blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body depressions called sinuses. Illustration-arthropods and molluscs.
- Closed
circulatory system in which the blood pumped by the heart
is always circulated through a unrestricted network of blood vessels.
Illustration-Annelids and chordates
- All invertebrates retain a muscular sheltered heart.
- Fishes have a 2- sheltered heart with an patio and a ventricle.
- Amphibians and the reptiles (except crocodiles) have a 3- sheltered heart with two gallerias and a single ventricle.
- Crocodiles, catcalls and mammals retain a 4- sheltered heart with two gallerias and two ventricles.
- In fishes, the heart pumps out deoxygenated blood which is oxygenated by the gills and supplied to the body corridor from where deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart (single rotation).
- In amphibians and reptiles, the left patio receives oxygenated blood from the gills/ lungs/ skin and the right patio gets the deoxygenated blood from other body corridor, still, they get mixed up in the single ventricle which pumps out mixed blood, which is called as deficient double rotation.
- In catcalls and mammals, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood entered by the left and right gallerias independently passes on to the ventricles of the same sides, and the ventricles pump it out without any mixing up, hence, these creatures have double rotation.
Body fluids and circulation class 11 notes FOR NEET
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Human circulatory system, also called the blood vascular system consists of a muscular sheltered heart, a network of unrestricted branching blood vessels and blood, the fluid which is circulated.
- Heart, the mesodermally deduced organ, is positioned in the thoracic depression, in between the two lungs, slightly listed to the leftism, which has the size of a clenched fist.
- It's defended by a double walled membranous bag, pericardium, enclosing the pericardial fluid.
- Our heart has four chambers, two fairly small upper chambers called gallerias and two larger lower chambers called ventricles.
- A thin, muscular wall called the interatrial septum separates the right and the left gallerias, whereas a thick-walled, the inter-ventricular septum, separates the left and the right ventricles.
- The patio and the ventricle of the same side are also separated by a thick stringy towel called the a trio-ventricular septum.
- Each of these septa are handed with an opening through which the two chambers of the same side are connected.
- The opening between the right patio and the right ventricle is guarded by a stopcock formed of three muscular flaps or cusps, the tricuspid stopcock, whereas a bicuspid or mitral stopcock guards the opening between the left patio and the left ventricle.
- The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary roadway and the aorta independently are handed with the semilunar faucets.
- The faucets in the heart allows the inflow of blood only in one direction.
- The entire heart is made of cardiac muscles and a specialised cardiac musculature called the nodal towel is also distributed in the heart.
- A patch of the towel is present in the right upper corner of the right patio called the sino-atrial knot (SAN).
- Another mass of this towel is seen in the lower left corner of the right patio close to the atrio-ventricular septum called the atrio-ventricular knot (AVN).
- Atrioventricular pack (AV pack) passes through the atrio-ventricular septa to crop on the top of the interventricular septum and incontinently divides into a right and left pack; these branches give rise to nanosecond fibres throughout the ventricular musculature of the separate sides and are called purkinje fibres and fibres along with right and left packets are known as pack of HIS.
- The SAN can induce the maximum number of action capabilities, i.e., 70-75 min and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the metrical contractile exertion of the heart; hence it's called the Our heart typically beats 70-75 times in a nanosecond.
body fluids and circulation class 11 notes for neet class
CARDIAC CYCLE
- The sequential occasion withinside the
coronary heart that is
cyclically repeated is known as the cardiac cycle and it includes systole and diastole of each the atria and ventricles. Duration of a
cardiac cycle is 0.eight seconds.
- During a cardiac cycle, every ventricle pumps out about 70 mL of blood that is
known as the stroke extent.
The stroke extent accelerated
via way of means of the coronary heart
price offers
the cardiac output.
- Cardiac output may be described
because the extent
of blood pumped out via way of means of every ventricle in step with
minute and averages 5000 mL or five litres in a healthful character.
- As the tricuspid and
bicuspid valves are open, blood from the pulmonary veins and vena cava flows into
the left and the proper ventricle respectively via the left and proper
atria and the semilunar valves are closed at this stage.
- The SAN now generates an motion capability
which stimulates each the atria to go through a simultaneous contraction – the atrial
systole.
- The motion
capability is performed
to the ventricular facet via way of means of the AVN and AV package
from wherein the package
of HIS transmits it via the whole ventricular musculature, which reasons the ventricular muscle groups to contract, (ventricular systole), the atria undergoes
relaxation (diastole), coinciding with the ventricular systole.
- Ventricular systole will increase the ventricular stress
inflicting the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
As the ventricular stress will increase further, the semilunar valves guarding the
pulmonary artery (proper facet) and the aorta (left facet) are compelled
open, permitting the blood withinside the
ventricles to waft via those vessels into the circulatory pathways.
- The ventricles now relax
(ventricular diastole) and the ventricular stress
falls inflicting the closure of semilunar valves which prevents
the backflow of blood into the ventricles.
- As the ventricular stress declines further, the tricuspid and bicuspid
valves are driven open via way of means of the stress withinside the atria exerted via way of means of the blood which turned into
being emptied into them via way of means of the veins and
the blood now another
time movements
freely to the ventricles, main the ventricles and atria once more in a relaxed (joint diastole) kingdom.
- Again, the SAN generates a brand new motion
capability and the activities
are repeated. During every cardiac cycle outstanding sounds are produced which may be without difficulty heard via a stethoscope.
- The first coronary heart sound (lub) is related to
the closure of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves, while the second one
coronary heart sound (dub) is related to
the closure of the semilunar valves.
- ECG
is a graphical illustration of the electric hobby
of the coronary heart at some point of
a cardiac cycle. To gain a wellknown ECG, a affected person
is hooked up to the gadget
with 3 electric
leads, one to every wrist and to the left ankle, that constantly reveal
the coronary heart hobby.
- Each top withinside the ECG is recognized
with a letter from P to T that corresponds to a particular electric hobby of the coronary heart.
The P-wave represents the electric excitation (or
depolarisation) of the atria, which results in the contraction
of each the atria.
- The QRS complicated
represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates the
ventricular contraction. The T-wave represents the go back of the ventricles from excited to ordinary kingdom
(repolarisation) and the stop of the T-wave marks the stop of systole.
- By counting the range
of QRS complexes that arise in a given time period, possible decide
the coronary heart beat price
of an character.
Body fluids and circulation class 11 notes FOR NEET
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
- When the deoxygenated blood
pumped into the pulmonary artery is handed
directly to the lungs from wherein
the oxygenated blood is carried via way of means of the pulmonary veins into the left atrium; this pathway
constitutes the pulmonary circulate.
- The oxygenated blood coming into the aorta is carried via way of means of a community
of arteries, arterioles and capillaries to the tissues from wherein the deoxygenated blood is amassed via way of means of a machine of venules, veins and vena
cava and emptied into the proper atrium.; that is the systemic circulate.
- A precise vascular connection exists among the digestive tract and liver known as hepatic portal machine.
- The hepatic portal vein contains blood from gut to the
liver earlier than it's miles
added to the systemic circulate.
- A unique
coronary machine of blood vessels is found in our frame
completely for the circulate
of blood to and from the cardiac musculature.
body fluids and circulation class 11 notes ncert
REGULATION OF CARDIAC ACTIVITY
- Normal sports of the coronary heart
are car regulated via way of means of specialized muscle groups (nodal tissue), therefore
the coronary heart is known as
myogenic.
- A unique
neural centre withinside
the medulla oblongata can mild the cardiac characteristic via autonomic apprehensive machine
(ANS).
- Neural indicators
via the sympathetic nerves (a part of ANS) can boom the price of coronary heart
beat, the energy of ventricular contraction and thereby the
cardiac output.
- Parasympathetic neural indicators lower
the price of coronary heart
beat, pace of conduction of motion capability
and thereby the cardiac output.
- Adrenal medullary hormones also can boom the
cardiac output. systolic, or pumping, stress
and eighty mm Hg is the diastolic, or resting, stress.
- If repeated tests
of blood stress of an character
is a hundred and forty/90 (a hundred and forty over 90) or better, it suggests hypertension. High blood stress ends in
coronary heart diseases.
Body fluids and circulation class 11 notes FOR NEET
DISORDERS
OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Hypertension is the term for blood pressure that is higher than normal (120/80).
120 mm Hg is the systolic, or pumping, pressure and 80 mm
Hg is the diastolic, or resting, pressure.
If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is 140/90 (140 over 90) or higher, it shows hypertension.
High blood pressure leads to heart diseases.
If repeated checks of blood pressure of an individual is 140/90 (140 over 90) or higher, it shows hypertension.
High blood pressure leads to heart diseases.
3.Angina
It is likewise
known as ‘angina
pectoris’. A symptom of acute chest ache seems whilst
no sufficient oxygen is accomplishing
the coronary heart muscle. Angina can arise in males and females
of any age. It takes place because of situations
that have an effect on the blood waft.
4.Heart failure
Heart failure manner
the kingdom of coronary heart
whilst it isn't
pumping blood successfully sufficient
to satisfy the desires
of the frame. Heart failure isn't
similar to cardiac arrest or a coronary heart assault.
Cardiac arrest is whilst the coronary heart stops beating, while
coronary heart assault
is whilst the coronary heart
muscle is unexpectedly broken
via way of means of an insufficient
blood deliver.
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