Chemical Coordination and Integration Notes for Neet

CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGERATION

 

Chemical Coordination and Integration Notes for Neet

Introduction

The neural coordination is fast but short-lived. As the nerve fibres do not innervate all cells of the body and the cellular functions need to be continuously regulated; a special kind of coordination and integration has to be provided. This function is carried out by hormones. The neural system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and regulate the physiological functions in the body.

Endocrine glands These are ductless glands which cache hormones directly into the blood sluice. 

Hormones Non-nutrient chemicals, synthesized in trace quantities, acts as intracellular couriers and are specific in their action.

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Hypothalamus 

•  It's rudimentary part of diencephalon. 
•  Has neurosecretory cells called capitals which produce hormones to regu late the conflation and stashing of pituitary gland hormones. 

 Two types of hormones released are 

1.  Releasing hormones Stimulate stashing of pituitary hormones,e.g., Gona-dotropin releasing hormone stimulates pituitary gland to synthesise gonadotrophins.  
2. Inhibiting hormones Inhibit concealment of pituitary hormones,e.g., Soma-tostatin inhibits stashing of growth hormone. Pituitary Gland 

 

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•  Located in bony depression called as sella tursica. 
•  Attached to hypothalamus by a stalk. 

 

 Divided anatomically into Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis. 

•  Hormones released from hypothalamic neurons reach anterior pituitary through portal system. 
•  Direct neural regulation by hypothalamus occurs in posterior pituitary. 

 

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 PITUITARY GLAND 

•  Adenohypophysis Pars intermedia Produces only one hormone melanocyte stimulating hormone. 

 Chemical Coordination and Integration Notes for Neet

Pars distalis 

•  Growth hormone (GH) Oversecretion leads to giantism and low stashing causes dwarfism. 
•  Prolaction (PRL) Growth of mammary glands and conformation of milk in them. 

 

 • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Stimulates conflation and stashing of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland. 

 • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates conflation and stashing of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex. 

 • Luteinizing hormone (LH) Conflation and stashing of hormones called androgens in males, and helps in ovulation and conservation of corpus luteum in ladies. 

 • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Regulate spermatogenesis in males, and growth and development of ovarian follicles in ladies. 

 

Chemical Coordination and Integration Notes for Neet

Neurohypophysis 

Pars Nervosa 

•  Oxytocin helps in compression of uterus during child birth and milk ejection from mammary gland in ladies. 

• Vasopressin Acts on order and stimulates reabsorption of water and elec-trolytes by distal tubules to reduce water loss through urine. It's also called as Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH). 

 

 PINEAL GLAND 

 

• Located on rearward side of forebrain. 
• Secretes melatonin to regulate 24-hour meter, sleep-wake cycle, menstrual cycle, saturation etc. 

 

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THYROID GLAND 

 

• Has two lobes on either side of trachea connected by island (connective towel). 
•  Composed of follicles and stromal apkins. 
•  Follicular cells synthesise thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T) 
•  Iodine is necessary for normal functioning in of thyroid. 
•  Goitre (Hypothyrodism) Blowup of thyroid gland. Hypothyrodism may lead to internal deceleration and suppressed growth (cretinism) in the baby if it occurs during gestation. 
•  Hyperthyroidism Occurs due to cancer or due to development of nodes in thyroid glands. Goods body physiology as abnormal high situations of thyroid hormones is synthesised. 3). 
•  Also secretes a protein hormone called Thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which regulates blood calcium position. 

 

 PARATHYROID GLAND 

 

• Present on aft side of thyroid gland. Each lobe of thyroid gland has its one brace. 
• Cache peptide hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases calcium situations in blood so called hypercalcemic hormone. 
•  PTH stimulates bone resorption, and reabsorption of calcium from blood and reabsorption of calcium by renal tubules. 

 

Chemical Coordination and Integration Notes for Neet

 THYMUS GLAND 

 

 • Located on rearward side of heart and aorta. 

 • Cache peptide hormones called thymosins which play part in isolation of T-lymphocytes ( help in cell intermediated impunity). 

 • Thymosins also produce antibodies and give humoral impunity. 

• Impunity of old people generally becomes weak as thymus gets regressed with age. 

 

 ADRENAL GLAND 

 

 • Located at anterior part of each order. 

 • Has centrally located adrenal medulla and at fringe is adrenal cortex. 

 • Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epinephrine) and nor adrenaline (nore-pinephrine), generally called as catecholamines or exigency hormones or hormones of flight and fight. 

 • These hormones increase heart beat, rate of respiration, breakdown of glycogen therefore increase blood glucose position, breakdown of lipids and proteins, alertness, raising of hairs, sweatingetc. 

 

 • Adrenal Cortex (3 layers) Zona reticularis ( inner subcaste) 

 • Adrenal cortex secretes Androgenic steroids Zona fasciculata ( middle subcaste) Zona glomerulosa ( external subcaste) 

 • Buried in small quantities. 

 • Play part in growth of axial pubic and facial hair during puberty. 

 

 Glucocorticoids 

 

 • Involved in carbohydrate metabolism. 

 • Stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and proteolysis. 

 • e.g., Cortisol which is also involved in cardio-vascu lar and order functions. 

 • It also suppresses vulnerable response and stimulates RBC product. Mineralocorticoids 

 • Regulate balance of water and electrolytes in body. 

 •e.g., Aldosterone which also helps in reabsorption of Na and water excretion of K ions from renal tubules. and phosphate 

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PANCREAS 

 

• Has both exocrine and endocrine function. 

 • Contains about 1-2 million islands of langerhans which has glucagon concealing α- cells and insulin concealing β- cells. 

 • Glucagon Peptide hormone, stimulates glycogenolysis by acting on liver cells. Also, stimulates gluconeogenesis. Hence called hyperglycemic hormone. 

 • Insulin Peptide hormone, acts on hepatocytes and adipocytes to enhance cellular glucose uptake, stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis), so decreases blood glucose position called hypoglycemic hormone. 

 • Deficiency of insulin causes diabetes mellitus in which loss of glucose occurs through urine. 

 Chemical Coordination and Integration Notes for Neet

 

TESTIS 

 • A brace of testis composed of seminiferous tubules and interstilial cells is present in the scrotal sac of males. 

 • Leydig cells (interstitial cells) produce androgens ( substantially testosterone) which regulate development and development of manly appurtenant coitus organs, conformation of secondary coitus characters and play stimulatory part in spermatogenesis. Manly sexual geste (libido) is told by androgens. 

 

 (i) Ovary 

 • Aair of ovaries which produce one ovum in each menstrual cycle are present in tummy in ladies. 

 • Ovary composed of ovarians follicles and stromal towel. 

 • Estrogen synthesised by growing ovarian follicles helps in stimulation of growth of womanish secondary coitus organs, womanish geste, mammary gland development and womanish secondary coitus characters. 

 • Ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum which secretes progesterone. Progesterone supports gestation and stimulates alveoli conformation and milk stashing in mammory glands. 

 

 Hormones buried by tissues which aren't endocrine glands 

 

 (a) Heart Atrial wall secrets Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF) which decreases blood pressure by dilation of the blood vessels. 

 (b) Order Juxtaglomerular cells secretes erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis (RBC conformation). 

 (c) Gastrointestinal tract It secrets four peptide hormones. 

 

 • Gastrin Acts on gastric glands and stimulates stashing of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen. 

 • Secretin Acts on pancreas and stimulates stashing of water and bicarbon- ate ions. 

 • Cholecystokinin (CCK) Acts on pancreas and bitterness bladder to stimulate stashing of pancreatic juice and corrosiveness juice independently. 

 Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Inhibits gastric stashing and motility. 

Medium of hormone action By hormone receptors of two kinds, i.e., 

(a) Located on membrane of target cell 

.• These are membrane bound receptors. 

 • Form hormone receptor complex. 

1.  Leads to biochemical changes in towel. 
2.  Release of alternate couriers like 

 (cyclic AmP, IP (148) 3, Ca etc.) which regulate cellular metabolism. 

 (b) Located inside the target cell 

 These are intracellular receptors. 

 • Hormones (steroid hormones, iodothyroninesetc.) interact with them and beget physiological and experimental goods of regulating gene expression. 

Chemical Coordination and Integration Notes for Neet