BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22

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BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22

COURSE CODE : BPCC-132

COURSE TITLE : FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT CODE : BPCC-132/TMA/2021-22

PART I- Assignment - One

Answer the following descriptive category questions in about 500 words each. Each question carries 20 marks. 2 x 20=40

1. Discuss the various features related to conformity, compliance and obedience. (20)

Conformity is one effect of the influence of others on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Another form of social influence is obedience to authority. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Obedience is the change of an individual’s behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure. People often comply with the request because they are concerned about a consequence if they do not comply. To demonstrate this phenomenon, we review another classic social psychology experiment.

Stanley Milgram was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.” Milgram (1963) wanted to test the validity of this defense, so he designed an experiment and initially recruited 40 men for his experiment. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The volunteer participants were led to believe that they were participating in a study to improve learning and memory. The participants were told that they were to teach other students (learners) correct answers to a series of test items. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The participants were shown how to use a device that they were told delivered electric shocks of different intensities to the learners. The participants were told to shock the learners if they gave a wrong answer to a test item—that the shock would help them to learn. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The participants gave (or believed they gave) the learners shocks, which increased in 15-volt increments, all the way up to 450 volts. The participants did not know that the learners were confederates and that the confederates did not actually receive shocks

In response to a string of incorrect answers from the learners, the participants obediently and repeatedly shocked them. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It is important to note that participants did not want to continue, but did at the insistence of the white lab coat adorn researcher. The confederate learners cried out for help, begged the participant teachers to stop, and even complained of heart trouble. Yet, when the researcher told the participant-teachers to continue the shock, 65% of the participants.

2. Explain the concept, types and components of group. Discuss the various group processes. (10 +10)

A Group is basically an assemblage of people. It can be understood as a collection of individuals (two or more), who come together and interact with each other, so as to achieve the objectives of the organization. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 These are the foundation of an organization. Size: To form a group, it must be having at least two members. Practically, the number of group members ranges from 15 to 20. The more the members in the group, the more complex it is to manage. Goals: Every group has certain goals, that are the reasons for its existence. Norms: A group has certain rules, for interacting with the group members. Structure: BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 It has a structure, based on the roles and positions held by the members. Roles: Every member of a group has certain roles and responsibilities, which are assigned, by the group leader.

Interaction: The interaction between the group members can occur in several ways, i.e. face to face, telephonic, in writing or in any other manner. Collective Identity: BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 A group is an aggregation of individuals, which are separately called as members, and collectively called as a group. Furthermore, a group climate is an emotional setting of the group, that relies on participative spirit, coordination, trust and bonding among the members, open communication and other similar factors. Formal Groups: Groups that are formed consciously by the management, with an aim of serving an organizational objective. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 These are further classified as: Self-directed teams: The group of employees which are so authorised to make decisions, on their own, as it is independent and self-governing in nature.

Quality Circles: A number of employees classed together belonging to the same field, who meet every week for an hour, to talk about their problems, identify the causes and find out solutions, to take necessary steps in this regard. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Committees: An association of people created by the management for different matters to identify and discuss the issues of the company and arrive at a conclusion. It can be:

·         Standing Committee

·         Advisory Committee

·         Audit Committee

·         Grievance Committee

·         Adhoc Committee

Task force: It is a temporary committee, wherein people belonging to different fields are grouped together for the performance of the task. Informal Groups: BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The social and psychological variables operating at the workplace, results in the formation of informal groups. The creation of these groups is spontaneous due to the common interest, social needs, physical proximity and mutual attraction. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Apart from the two broad classifications of the group, they are also divided into the primary groups, secondary groups, membership groups, reference groups and interest groups.

Assignment Two

Answer the following short category questions in about 100 words each. Each question carries 5 marks. 6 x 5 = 30

3. Discuss the relationship of social psychology to the other Discipline of social sciences. (5)

Relationship of Social Psychology with Sociology and Anthropology Social psychology is poised at the crossroads of a number of related disciplines and sub- disciplines. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 In dealing, for example, with groups, social and cultural norms, social representations, and language and intergroup behaviour, social psychology has links with sociology and social anthropology. Social Psychology and Sociology Sociology is the study of how social and cultural forces influence behavior. It focuses on how groups, organisations, social categories and societies are organised, how they function and how they change. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Herein, the unit of analysis (i.e. the focus of research and theory) is the group as a whole rather than the individual people who compose the group; in contrast, social psychology focuses on the individual as the unit of analysis. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 For - Sociologists might compare the status of health in instance people from different socio-economic backgrounds, or the murder rate in states with different laws (capital punishment versus no capital punishment). BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Whereas, social psychologists might examine whether specific attitudes and beliefs are associated with better health, or whether individuals are more aggressive under certain social conditions.

4. Describe the sources of errors in social cognition. (5)

Potential Sources of Error in Social Cognition: Why Total Rationality is RarerThan You Thinka. Basic “Tilts” in Social Thought: The Negativity Bias and Our PowerfulTendency to Be Overly Optimistici. There are two basic tendencies that seem to occur in a wide range andproduce important errors in our social thought1. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Negativity bias is the idea that we pay more attention to negativeinformation than we do to positive information about anotherperson, event, or almost anythinga. From an evolutionary perspective, this tendency makessense because negative information reflects features ofthe external world that may be threatening to our safetyb. Negativity bias can be overcome by situational factors2. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Optimistic bias is a powerful predisposition to expect things toturn out well overalla. The overconfidence barrier states that we often havegreater confidence in our beliefs or judgments than is justified.

5. Discuss the concepts of stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination. (5)

A stereotype is a specific belief or assumption (thoughts) about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics. Stereotypes can be positive or negative and when overgeneralized are applied to all members of a group. For example, the model minority stereotype of Asian Americans as highly intelligent, diligent and good at math can be damaging professionally, academically (Trytten et al., 2012). BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 These beliefs are overgeneralized to all members of the group, even though many of the individual group members may in fact be struggle academically and professionally. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who are members of an unfamiliar cultural group. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 An example of prejudice is having a negative attitude toward people who are not born in the United States. Although people holding this prejudiced attitude do not know all people who were not born in the United States, they dislike them due to their status as foreigners. When someone acts on prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people this is known as discrimination. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Discrimination is negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group (Allport, 1954; Dovidio & Gaertner, 2004). As a result of holding negative beliefs (stereotypes) and negative attitudes (prejudice) about a particular group, people often treat the target of prejudice poorly. Discrimination can extend to institutions or social and political systems.

6. Discuss the factors influencing pro- social behavior. (5)

Pro-social behaviour is any positively valued behaviour that does good to another person, is done without any pressure from outside and without any expectation of a reward or a return. Humans are social beings. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Most of their activities are organized with the help of others. We cannot live and grow unless there is support from others. We often engage in helping others. Such efforts are considered as prosocial behaviour. For any behaviour to be pro¬social, it should fulfil the following conditions:

• There has to be an intention to benefit the other person. Any pro-social act, which one accomplishes by compulsion or as a requirement of a job, does not merit to be called ‘prosocial’.

• The behaviour should be considered socially desirable by the other members of the society. Obviously, helping a thief in stealing is not a pro-social behaviour.

• If an act intended to benefit others is also expect to benefit the helper, it cannot be termed as ‘pro-social’. The intentions and the consequent positive behaviour are more important considerations of pro-social behaviour than the actual benefits. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The other term which are used interchangeably with pro-social behaviour is altruism. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The literal meaning of altruism is “doing things or acting for the interest of others without any ulterior motive.” It is a behaviour that reflects an unselfish concern for the welfare of others. All charitable, humanitarian, philanthropic activities, which people do without any self-interest, come under the category of altruism behaviour.

7. Explain the meaning and the agents of acculturation. (5)

Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment as a result of being placed into a new culture, or when another culture is brought to you. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 Individuals of a differing culture try to incorporate themselves into the new more prevalent culture by participating in aspects of the more prevalent culture, such as their traditions, but still hold onto their original cultural values and traditions. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both the devotee of the prevailing culture and those who are assimilating into the culture. At this group level, acculturation often results in changes to culture, religious practices, health care, and other social institutions. There are also significant ramifications on the food, clothing, and language of those becoming introduced to the overarching culture.

8. Describe the internal factors affecting attraction.

This is the idea that attraction occurs by sharing information with a partner, information about yourself that you may not feel comfortable sharing with anyone else. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 When a person shares personal information with another one, this indicates that they feel secure with and trust their partner.

Self-disclosure leads to greater intimacy, which brings more satisfaction to the relationship. Altman and Taylor (1973) developed this idea with their Social penetration theory. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 This theory states that self-disclosure must gradually increase over time in depth (more personal information) and breadth (larger amount of information) for a relationship to be successful.

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BPCC 131 Solved Assignment 2021-22

BPCC 133 Solved Assignment 2021-22

BPCC 134 Solved Assignment 2021-22

Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also checkout their assignment marks & result. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 All this is available in an online mode. BPCC 132 Solved Assignment 2021-22 After submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.

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