IGNOU BEGAE 182 Free Solved Assignment 2022
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BEGAE 182
ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Programme: BAG/2021/2022
Course Code: BEGAE 182
Max. Marks: 100
BEGAE 182
Free Solved Assignment
Answer all
questions in this assignment.
I. Answer
the following in about 150 words each:
1. What do
you understand by the term ‘non-verbal communication’?
Nonverbal communication refers to the ways in which beings
convey information about their emotions, needs, intentions, attitudes, and
thoughts without the use of verbal language. Nonverbal cues serve important
functions in human social life, including expressing emotions; conveying
interpersonal attitudes such as friendliness, insult, or dominance; regulating
affect; regulating turn taking between people in conversation; and facilitating
one's own speech production. Nonverbal signals are important in many
psychological processes, including attachment, attraction, social influence,
deception, self-presentation, and interpersonal self-fulfilling prophecies.
Cultural, gender, and other group differences in nonverbal behavior have been
documented as well as individual differences in usage and in the accuracy of
nonverbal cue transmission and reception.
Nonverbal communication spans two primary domains:
Paralinguistic and Situational. The Paralinguistic domain of nonverbal
communication has both receptive and expressive modalities. It refers to
nonverbal signals that have the capacity to communicate without the use of
language, or that add information above and beyond what is explicitly stated verbally.
2. What are
the conventions of a conversation? How does it differ from other speech events?
conversation A conversation is communication by two or more
people, or by one's self. Conversations are the ideal form of communication in
some respects, since they allow people with different views on a topic to learn
from each other. A speech, on the other hand, is an oral presentation by one
person directed at a group. Those engaging in conversation naturally relate the
other speaker's statements to themselves, and insert themselves (or some degree
of relation to themselves, ranging from the replier's opinions or points to
actual stories about themselves) into their replies. For a successful
conversation, the partners must achieve a workable balance of contributions. A
successful conversation includes mutually interesting connections between the speakers
or things that the speakers know. For this to happen, those engaging in
conversation must find a topic on which they both can relate to in some sense.
other speech There are four types of conversations.
Discussion is the most familiar and pragmatic; dialogue is also pragmatic but
less common. Dialectic and design are more disciplined orientations. Dialectic
conversation focuses on framing a logical argument for distilling the truth. It
is a scientific approach, a disciplined inquiry into whatever is being
examined.
In dialectic conversation, participants are often rigid in
their beliefs and debate for what they perceive as truths. The nature of the
dialectic conversation is one of debate and logical argument within a context
of limited negotiations for change. This often results in factionalization or
breaking apart of individuals into different camps.
3. What is
meant by the ‘schema theory’? How is it important in understanding the reading
process?
In traditional English teaching, new words and grammatical
rules were regarded as the core of English learning. The students were only
supposed to understand the words or sentence meaning rather than the overall
meaning of a text. With the development of the society and the requirement of
modern English teaching and learning, the general understanding of texts is
becoming more important in the process of English teaching. What has affected
their reading ability? Why do most readers have difficulties? How can language
teachers help the students to improve their reading ability? The general
knowledge of the world is of prime importance for the readers to have better
understanding in the reading process. This paper mainly discusses these two
aspects of reading in terms of the framework of schema theory and its
application to the teaching of English intensive reading.
According to Goodman(1971), reading is a “psycholinguistic
guessing game.” He thinks that in the reading process, the “reader reconstruct,
as best as he can, a message which has been encoded by writer as a graphic
display". In 1979, Coady elaborated in this basic psycholinguistic model
for reading and suggested a model in which the reader' s background knowledge
interacts with conceptual abilities and process strategies to produce
comprehension. Since then, a top-down approach has been used in second language
reading. In the reading process, the reader is an active participant, making
predictions and processing information. Background knowledge plays a
significant role in promoting the reader to get information in the process. The
role of background knowledge in anguage comprehension has been formalized as
the Schema theory. According to the Schema theory, a text only provides
directions for listeners or readers as how they should retrieve or construct
meaning of their own, namely acquired knowledge. This previously acquired
knowledge is called the reader' s background knowledge. For the previously
acquired knowledge structures are called Schema Theory.
4. Discuss
any two difficulties that learners of English as a second language are likely
to encounter while learning English vocabulary.
There are so many exceptions to a seemingly endless number
of rules! You must use appropriate punctuation, the subject and verb must agree,
commas are only used in certain instances, you cannot use more than one
negative in a sentence…it goes on and on. Thankfully, learning to speak English
is step one, and learning to write and spell correctly is step two.
You are not alone. Learning a new language can be difficult,
but studying as you are immersed in the language and the culture can make the
process a bit easier. These are the most common challenges students face when
learning English as a second language.
English is not a phonetic language, meaning we often do not
say a word the same way it is spelled. For example, “I will read the book
today,” and “I read the book yesterday,” are spelled the same way but
pronounced differently. There are numerous words like this that can be confusing
to English learners. These words are known as heteronyms, words with different
sounds but the same spelling. Another example is the word “tear.” You could say
“I have a tear in my pants,” or “There is a tear (like a teardrop) in my eye.”
Many words sound the same but have vastly different
spellings. There can be a “pair” of people or a “pear” like the fruit. They are
pronounced the same, but have different spellings and different meanings. Going
further, individual letter sounds can be spelled many different ways. Take for
example the sound of the letter “f.” It can be spelled as a “gh” like “enough,
or tough,” with a “ph” as in the word “phone,” or spelled with a double “f” as
in “fluff.” Whew! Thankfully you only have to worry about spelling when writing
English, but these are crucial differentiators that you’ll need to master to be
an effective written communicator.
5. What are
the four levels of meaning that you need to be aware of as a reader?
Literal : Literal comprehension involves the reader in
understanding the information stated directly in a text. That information may
be facts and details, sequences of events, main ideas and generalizations,
causes and effects. The key element in comprehension at this level is that the
information is present "in black and white" in the text. The reader
does not have to die too deeply to get at it. She should be able to state
exactly what the passage is saying, to make sure that sfhe understands it. For
example, if the piece of writing is about someone digging the earth, the reader
should be able to state what the person is actually doing- "digging the
earth". Literal comprehension is of fundamental importance. It requires a
thorough understanding of paragraph, sentence and word meanings and is required
for higher levels of comprehension.
Interpretive : To read at the interpretive level, on the
other hand, is to read 'between the lines" to recognise ideas and
information not directly stated. In doing so, the reader must make inferences.
Sfhe may have to infer time relationships - the year, time of day, and seasqn;
geographical relationships; cause and effect relationships; the ages, feelings
and familial relationships of characters; main ideas and generalizations if
these are not stated explicitly in the text. In other words, the reader must
study the facts given in the text and put two and two together in making the
inference. Writers do not always state facts directly.
They imply emotions and attitudes, and suggest poinfls of
view. For instance, an author may not state directly that a particular
character is bad, but the words she uses do describe that person and the
situation she present himfher in m8y convey the author's attitude towards that
character. A perceptive reader should be able to recognise this attitude. Sfhe
must be able to get beyond the surface meanings of words and see what the
implications of such words are. For instance, the same persons could be called
"terrorists" or "freedom fighters" according to the
writer's attitude towards them. Similarly, in describing someone eating, a
writer may use the words, "wolfed down" "guzzled" or
"slobbered".
Section B
1. You are
attending an International Conference in your city. You have just met a
participant from the U.S.A. Write out a dialogue in 10 turns where both of you
get introduced to each other and discuss your expectations from the conference.
A conference is a gathering of people with a common interest
or background, with the purposes of allowing them to meet one another and to
learn about and discuss issues, ideas and work that focus on a topic of mutual
concern. The Latin roots of the word “conference” mean, literally, “Bring
together.” A conference brings together people and ideas. In the cases of
health and community work, conferences often have the goal of generating or
working toward solutions to problems or broader social change
Conferences may be held in places other than the workplaces
and neighborhoods of their participants, so that the people attending can focus
on the topic at hand without distractions. Some conferences are even held in
another area of the country or the world. The structure and contents of
conferences can vary greatly, but a typical framework would include one or more
presentations of work and/or ideas about a given topic. These presentations may
take the form of lectures, slide shows or films, workshops, panel discussions,
and/or interactive experiences. In addition, many conferences include posters
or graphic or multimedia exhibits that participants can view independently.
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MHI 01 Solved Assignment 2022-23
Academic conferences. Most academic conferences are centered
around a single subject, and sometimes on a single topic within that subject.
The format usually involves graduate students and academics presenting their
research, work, and theories, and defending, expanding, or changing them in
response to questions, criticism, and other feedback from colleagues. Generally
annual, these conferences are often sponsored by the professional organization
of the discipline involved, and may be held in a different city each year. A
major focus of academic conferences, besides the exchange of ideas, is
networking, which, in academia as elsewhere, is a key to collaboration,
funding, employment, and other professional benefits.
Professional association conferences. These are similar to
academic conferences in some ways, but presentations tend to be focused more on
practical issues, both having to do with the actual work participants do, and
with regulations, funding, and other forces that affect the profession.
Professional associations in the U.S. may exist at state, national, and,
sometimes, international levels, and each of these levels may hold a yearly
conference.
2. You have
been invited to speak in a webinar for high school students on the topic:
Schools – from kindergarten all the way to graduate programs
– are technically locations for learning and academic pursuit, but they are
also social settings. Just like any other social setting, they are rife with
challenges such as discrimination, sexual harassment, misconduct, and abuse.
These challenges may feel more acute this year as students and teachers deal
with the highly stressful challenge of returning to classrooms amid the
pandemic or otherwise strive to make virtual education work. (The Wall Street
Journal, for example, recently reported on the pandemic’s major mental health
impacts that will stay with students as they return to school.)
To help meet the challenges of this moment, here are some
questions to ask yourself if you’re a leader at a college or school:
• When possible, have I set aside time to listen to student
concerns regarding school safety and culture? Are there any issues that they’ve
repeatedly raised that I’ve failed to address?
• Which students are at the highest risk of abuse or
discrimination at school or college? Has the impact of the pandemic increased
any of these vulnerabilities? How can I begin to learn about and address the
needs of the most vulnerable students?
• If I could institute one new process or training to ensure
teachers and administrators create an environment where students feel safer and
more included, what would it be? Are there other incremental steps I can take
toward progress?
We’ll strive to answer some of these questions this month,
when RALIANCE’s blogs will focus on returning to school as an opportunity to
build cultures that ensure a safe learning environment for everyone. Be sure to
check back for more.
“Challenges
faced by school students in India during the COVID-19 lockdown.” Write out your
speech in around 250 words.
Section C
1. Discuss
the semantic and linguistic barriers to communication. Give suitable examples.
20
Effective communication is a necessary part of dealing with
individuals under stress. An effective dialogue (communication) with an
individual who may be showing signs of anxiety can possibly divert energy from
an "acting out" scenario to a more rational one. Communication is
defined as an exchange process whose purpose is to inform, persuade or
entertain another. In order to make this definition complete, understanding
must be included. No matter the circumstances that surround the communication
process, the receiver and sender must have an understanding of what has been
stated, written or implied. If this is not the case, communication is no more
than a collection of words, spoken or written, gestures, or sounds.
The Semantic barrier in communication can be defined as the
misunderstanding and interpretation of meaning which restrict effective
communication. It can be in form of language, sign and symbol. The word
semantic is credited to the Greek word “semantikos” which indicates “significant”.
Semantics is a broad interdisciplinary study which deals with philosophical and
logical understanding behind the language. The Semantic barrier can be caused
in every type of communication.
A language barrier is a figurative phrase used primarily to
refer to linguistic barriers to communication, i.e. the difficulties in
communication experienced by people or groups originally speaking different
languages, or even dialects in some cases. The people who come to a new country
at an adult age, when language learning is a cumbersome process, can have
particular difficulty "overcoming the language barrier". Similar
difficulties occur at multinational meetings, where interpreting services can
be costly, hard to obtain, and prone to error.
2. “Writing
is commonly seen as a three-way process: pre-writing, writing and re-writing.”
Explain this statement. 20
Prewriting is the process of gathering information on a
subject and planning out what our communication will say and look like.
Prewriting is the roadmap for our documents. We must establish our purpose,
identify our audience, and plan out our message.
Laying out a plan will help ensure that we effectively
communicate our message and that our target audience is able to easily
understand and apply the information. During the prewriting phase, consider
following these steps to help map out a plan for your communication:
For example, informing an audience about a new scientific
breakthrough may mean you write a magazine article or a research paper on your
topic. However, instructing your audience on how to use a new sewing machine
will require a totally different type of document. You may need to create a
how-to manual with lots of graphics and step-by-step instructions. Knowing what
your purpose is will help you choose the best format for your communication.
2. Identify your audience. For whom are you creating this
document? Who your audience is determines how you will communicate your
information. For example, if you intend your document to be read by computer
geeks creating a new processing system, the language you are going to use will
be high-tech and full of jargon. But if you're explaining to the general public
how to use the new processing system, your language must be simple and easy to
understand. You must determine who your target audience is before you begin
writing so that you know how to say what you want to say.
3. Gather your information. Now that you know what you want
to say and who you want to say it to, you need to collect the details. Make
sure you consider everything the audience needs to know. Do you have the
correct dates, times, expenses, locations, and required actions? Communication
cannot be effective if it is not complete and accurate
3. A group
of four students have been given the following topic for group discussion.
‘Internet usage by school students: issues and challenges.” Write out the
discussion giving at least 3 turns to each student.
COVID-19 has universities across India, the world indeed, to
suspend physical classroom and shift to online classes. It Not only enables
teachers and students to connect over video - enabled remote classroom but also
provides a host of interactive and collaborative tools on a single platform. I
think online education and others play a good role. So when your kids grow up
during the education it mixes them with the lot of people.
Secondly, when you learn and you go up the value chain, it
is important to actually know networking. But at the same time if you look at
the education, the way it is delivered in current day, and others are
absolutely flay, dull and boring. The shift to online teaching in India was
very sudden this year. Most of the institutes and teachers were not prepared
for this change. Teachers who were not very familiar with using technology had
to grapple with tools of video conferencing, prepare presentations, and learn a
lot along with regular job teaching.
Ensuring active student participation is an important
challenge faced in an online classroom. This could be attributed to the feeling
of isolation among students, lack of Peer interaction, opportunity for
collaborative learning that happens in conventional classroom on campus. The
student Have to adapt to online learning using computer, tablets and mobile
phones. What started as a short-term download like we'll continue for a longer
duration.
Maybe in 15 - 20 year, when this kind of dimensionality gets
embedded into learning platform, actually the value of online education will go
up drastically. Right now, this is purely a way of avoiding physical contact.
Talking of virtual teaching, we cannot ignore the fact that many students might
not have access to the internet. India is a diverse Nation. A group of people
would be having trouble but at the same time you have to realize and still be allowed
slowly, cannot take the rest of the people along with them to grow.
Availability of uninterrupted internet to access online classes has been a
challenge for most students. The internet penetration rate in India is more
than 50%, ruler areas are deprived of internet connectivity. Intermittent
connectivity often causes difficulties in getting seamless online learning
experience. There is an urgent need to ensure internet access to rural areas of
the country.
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