MEG 04 ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE Solved Assignment 2022-23
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MEG 04 Solved Assignment 2022-23
MASTER’S
DEGREE IN ENGLISH (MEG-3)
ASPECTS OF
LANGUAGE
ASSIGNMENT
(Based on Blocks (1 - 10)
Course Code: MEG 04
Assignment Code: MEG-01/TMA/2022-23
Max. Marks: 100
Answer all
questions in this assignment.
1. Write
short notes on the following: (2 x 10=20)
(i)
Borrowings
The act of borrowing money or the amount of money that
a person, company, government, etc. borrows:
·
Deficit spending and foreign borrowing are reaching levels that
could threaten the nation's future growth.
·
Credit card borrowing was down
£400,000 in November.
·
short-term/medium-term/long-term borrowing An overdraft is
not suitable for long-term borrowing.
·
reduce/cut/control borrowing Government debt interest is projected to flatten out
as borrowing is reduced.
·
increase/encourage borrowing Low interest rates encourage borrowing, thereby stimulating demand for goods.
(ii) Langue
and Parole
Referring to two aspects of language examined by Ferdinand
de Saussure at the beginning of the twentieth century, langue denotes
a system of internalized, shared rules governing a national language’s
vocabulary, grammar, and sound system; parole designates actual oral
and written communication by a member or members of a particular speech
community. Saussure’s understanding of the nature of language and his belief
that scholarship should focus on investigating the abstract systematic
principles of language instead of researching etymologies and language
philosophy led to a revolution in the field of linguistics.
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The discussion concerning langue and parole was
first suggested by Ferdinand de Saussure and popularized in his Cours de
Linguistique Générale (Course in General Linguistics), a series of
Saussure’s university lectures collected by his students and published
posthumously in 1916. Abandoning the mindset, goals and objectives of
historical linguistics, Saussure advocated a synchronic examination of
language. Not interested in studying a particular language or the linguistic
habits of any one member of a given speech community, Saussure sought to
examine language in general and to identify the systems or rules and
conventions according to which language functions. Saussure’s views on language
influenced linguistics during the twentieth century, and his imprint can be
found in theoretical works discussing phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax,
pragmatics and especially semantics. Indeed, the distinction between langue and parole forms
an important part of the theoretical basis of structuralism.
2. Discuss
the description and classification of Consonants and Vowels. (20)
A vowel is a speech sound made with your mouth fairly open,
the nucleus of a spoken syllable.
A consonant is a sound made with your mouth fairly closed.
When we talk, consonants break up the stream of vowels
(functioning as syllable onsets and codas), so that we don’t sound like we’ve
just been to the dentist for four fillings and the anaesthetic hasn’t worn off
yet.
Consonants require more precise articulation than vowels,
which is why children find them harder to learn, and often end up in speech
therapy after having become so cross at not being understood that they’ve
started hitting people.
Only a few children with severe speech sound difficulties
(often called dyspraxia or apraxia) sometimes need therapy to help them produce
vowel sounds correctly.
Most syllables contain a vowel, though vowel-like consonants
can occasionally be syllables. And to complicate matters, many English vowels
are technically two or three vowels shmooshed together.
One of my new favourite things is the free version of
the Cued Articulation iPad app, which contains this handy consonant chart,
which you might like to refer to in what follows:
(Just ignore the “c” with a cedilla, it’s slicing things a
bit fine IMHO. Also ignore the “wh” if you say “whale” and “wail” as homophones).
How consonants are
produced
Saying consonant sounds involves constricting airflow in
different locations in your mouth by:
·
briefly stopping then releasing the air (“p”,
“b”, “t”, “d”, “k”, “g”),
·
diverting the airflow and associated resonance
to your nose (“m”, “n”, “ng”),
·
squeezing the air through a narrow space (“th”
as in “thin”, “th” as in “then”, “f”, “v”, “s”, “z”, “sh”, “zh” as in “vision”,
“h”, and in posh dialects, “wh”),
·
combining stopping then squeezing (“ch”, “j”),
or
·
narrowing the vocal tract (“w”, “y”, “r”, “l”).
Consonants that are
like vowels – approximants
The last four consonant sounds on the above list – “y”, “w”,
“r”, “l” – are produced with less mouth constriction than other consonants, and
in linguistics are called “approximants”.
Approximants occupy a kind of linguistic grey area between
vowels and consonants, in fact “w” and “y” are also known as semivowels.
There’s very little difference between the consonant sound
“y” and the vowel sound “ee” as in “see/sea/me”, and between the consonant
sound “w” and the vowel sound “ooh” as in “moon/rule/grew”.
These sounds are classified as consonants because they
generally behave like consonants, that is, they’re (in) syllable onsets
not syllable nuclei.
Syllabic consonants
In many English dialects, the sound “l” can be a syllable
all by itself in words like “bottle” and “middle”. This is also true of the
sound “n” in words like “button” and “hidden”.
In these words, the tongue has just said “t” or “d”, so it’s
already in the right place to go straight into the sound “l” or “n”, without
saying a vowel first. However, we still write a “vowel letter” in this syllable
(le, on, en) and we say a vowel sound in other words with similar final
spellings, like “giggle” and “dabble”, “ribbon” and “beckon”, “happen” and
“embiggen”.
The sound “m” can also act as a syllable in words like
“rhythm” and “algorithm”, again because the sounds “th” and “m” are physically
very close together. In this case we don’t write a “vowel letter” in
the last syllable, but we do say a vowel sound in the last syllable
of most words spelt like this, like “autism” and “criticism”.
Tell language mavens who insist a consonant is never a
syllable to stick that up their jumpers.
3.Why is
language planning essential in any country? What are the factors which
influence language planning? (20
4. Do you
agree with the ‘one language: one community’ theory? What other factors, apart
from language, may determine one’s identification with a speech community? (20)
5. What do
you think is the role of English vis-Ã -vis the Indian languages in modern
India?
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MEG 04 Solved Assignment 2022-23 Those students who had successfully submitted their Assignments to
their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment Status. Along with
assignment status, they can also checkout their assignment marks &
result. MEG 04 Solved Assignment 2022-23 All this is available
in an online mode. After submitting the assignment, you can check you IGNOU
Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It might take 40 days to declare.
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