MPYE 001 Solved Assignment 2022-23
MPYE 001 Solved
Assignment 2022-23, MPYE 001 Solved Assignment 2022-23 , MPYE 001 Assignment
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MPYE 001 LOGIC Solved Assignment 2022-23
LOGIC (MPYE 001) TUTORMARKED ASSIGNMENT
Course Code: MPYE 001
Assignment Code: Asst/TMA/2022-23
Marks: 100
1. What is dilemma? How we can
avoid dilemma?
A dilemma is a problem offering two possibilities,
neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. The possibilities
are termed the horns of the dilemma, a clichéd usage, but distinguishing the
dilemma from other kinds of predicament as a matter of usage.
The term dilemma is attributed by Gabriel
Nuchelmans to Lorenzo Valla in the 15th century, in later
versions of his logic text traditionally called Dialectica. Valla claimed
that it was the appropriate Latin equivalent of the Greek dilemmaton.
Nuchelmans argued that his probable source was a logic text of c.1433
of George of Trebizond. He also concluded that Valla had reintroduced
to the Latin West a type of argument that had fallen into disuse.
Valla’s neologism did not immediately take hold,
preference being given to the established Latin term complexio, used
by Cicero, with conversio applied to the upsetting of dilemmatic
reasoning. With the support of Juan Luis Vives,
however, dilemma was widely applied by the end of the 16th century.
In the form “you must accept either A, or B” — here A and B
are propositions each leading to some further conclusion — and applied
incorrectly, the dilemma constitutes a false dichotomy, that is,
a fallacy. Traditional usage distinguished the dilemma as a “horned
syllogism” from the sophism that attracted the Latin
name cornutus. The original use of the word horns in
English has been attributed to Nicholas Udall in his 1548
book Paraphrases, translating from the Latin term cornuta
interrogatio.
The dilemma is sometimes used as a rhetorical device.
Its isolation as textbook material has been attributed to Hermogenes of
Tarsus in his work On Invention. C. S. Peirce gave a
definition of dilemmatic argument as any argument relying on excluded
middle.
In propositional logic, dilemma is applied to
a group of rules of inference, which are in themselves valid rather than
fallacious. They each have three premises, and include the constructive
dilemma and destructive dilemma. Such arguments can be refuted by showing
that the disjunctive premise — the “horns of the dilemma” — does not in fact
hold, because it presents a false dichotomy. You are asked to accept “A or B”,
but counter by showing that is not all. Successfully undermining that premise
is called “escaping through the horns of the dilemma”.
Dilemmatic reasoning has been attributed to Melissus of
Samos, a Presocratic philosopher whose works survive in fragmentary
form, making the origins of the technique in philosophy imponderable. It
was established with Diodorus Cronus (died c. 284 BCE). The
paradoxes of Zeno of Elea were reported by Aristotle in
dilemma form, but that may have been to conform with what Plato said
about Zeno’s style.
In cases where two moral principles appear to be
inconsistent, an actor confronts a dilemma in terms of which principle to
follow. This kind of moral case study is attributed to Cicero, in book III
of his De Officiis. In the Christian tradition of casuistry, an
approach to abstract ranking of principles introduced by Bartolomé de
Medina in the 16th century became tainted with the accusation
of laxism, as did casuistry itself. Another approach, with legal
roots, is to lay emphasis on particular features present in a given case: in
other words, the exact framing of the dilemma.
2. What is conditional proof
method? Write an essay on the significance and the advantage of
conditional proof method.
A conditional proof is a proof that takes the form of
asserting a conditional, and proving that the antecedent of the conditional
necessarily leads to the consequent.
The assumed antecedent of a conditional proof is called
the conditional proof assumption (CPA). Thus, the goal of a
conditional proof is to demonstrate that if the CPA were true, then the desired
conclusion necessarily follows. The validity of a conditional proof does
not require that the CPA be true, only that if it were true it would
lead to the consequent.
Conditional proofs are of great importance
in mathematics. Conditional proofs exist linking several otherwise
unproven conjectures, so that a proof of one conjecture may immediately
imply the validity of several others. It can be much easier to show a
proposition’s truth to follow from another proposition than to prove it
independently.
A famous network of conditional proofs is
the NP-complete class of complexity theory. There is a large number
of interesting tasks, and while it is not known if a polynomial-time solution
exists for any of them, it is known that if such a solution exists for some of
them, one exists for all of them. Similarly, the Riemann
hypothesis has many consequences already proven.
Sometimes you find yourself needing to derive a
conditional. When this is the case, it is convenient to use a technique
called a “conditional proof” (CP). CP allows you derive a conditional (hence
the name) that you need in a proof, either as the conclusion or as an
intermediate step. This technique allows one to assume a
proposition, then derive something from it (and any other available
propositions). The assumed proposition and the resulting proposition are
then linked together in a conditional statement. It is usually
possible to derive the resulting conditional could have been arrived at in some
other way, but a CP is often more convenient.
The theory is simple. If premise (P) is assumed and from
premise (P) together with given premises and the application of inference and
equivalence rules, another proposition (Q) can be shown to be derivable from
that Assumed Premise (P), then the conditional ‘if P then Q’ is demonstrated.
The conditional proof must be bracketed from the assumed premise to the
conclusion with the last line outside the bracket always a material
implication. In a conditional proof only the final line beyond the conditional
proof is proven. The final line must have the horse shoe as the dominant
operator.
3. Answer any two questions in
about 250 words each. (Word limit is only for theory related
questions)
b) Write an essay on the square
of opposition.
c) Write a note on Boolean
Algebra
4. Answer any four questions in
about 150 words each. (Word limit is only for theory related questions)
a) Write a note on the laws of
thought.
c) Write a note on the problems
of induction.
d) Write an essay on the fallacy
of presumption.
5. Write short notes on any five
in about 100 words.
a) Denotation
b) Disjunction
c) Implication
d) Contrary
e) Modus Tollens
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IGNOU MPS Guidelines 2022-23
Dear learner,
As explained in the
Programme Guide, you will have to do a Tutor Marked Assignment for each course
in Political Science. This booklet contains the assignments of the first year
courses of the Masters Programme in Political Science.
You need to submit all the
assignments within the stipulated time for being eligible to appear in the
term-end examination. Before you attempt the assignments, please read the
instructions carefully provided in the Programme Guide.
Important Note: IF YOU NEED FULL ASSIGNMENT PDF YOU CAN WHATSPP ON THIS NO
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It is important that you
write the answers in your own words. Your answers should be within the
approximate range of the word-limit set for a particular section. Remember,
writing answers to assignment questions will improve your writing skills and
prepare you for the term-end examination.
All assignments,
including these, have to be submitted to the Coordinator of your Study Centre.
Remember to obtain a receipt from the Study Centre for the assignments
submitted and retain it. If possible, keep a Xerox copy of the assignments with
you.
The Study Centre will
have to return the assignments to you after they are evaluated. Please insist
on this. The Study Centre will note down the marked awarded for each assignment
and forward them to the Student Evaluation Division (SED) at IGNOU, New Delhi.
IGNOU Last Date for July 2022 Session and For
January 2023 Session
Submission:
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assignments should be submitted as per the following schedule
For July 2022 Session - March 31, 2023
For January 2023 Session - September 30, 2023
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MPYE 001 LOGIC Solved
Assignment 2022-23: Those students who had successfully submitted their
Assignments to their allocated study centres can now check their Assignment
Status. Alongside assignment status, they will also checkout their assignment
marks & result. All this is often available in a web mode. After submitting
the assignment, you'll check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks.
it'd take 40 days to declare.
Those students who had
successfully submitted their Assignments to their allocated study centres can
now check their Assignment Status. Along with assignment status, they can also
checkout their assignment marks & result. MPYE 001 Solved Assignment
2022-23 All this is available in an online mode. After submitting the
assignment, you can check you IGNOU Assignment Status only after 3-4 weeks. It
might take 40 days to declare.
MPYE 001 Solved
Assignment 2022-23 Here the students can check their IGNOU Assignment Status,
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MPYE 001 Solved
Assignment 2022-23 Once the TEE assignments are submitted to the Centres, it's
send to the evaluation department. After which the evaluation of IGNOU
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